گورهای عصرآهن I گورستان گیلوانِ خلخال

گورستان گیلوان یکی از بزرگ ترین گورستان های باستانی ایران است که در جنوب استان اردبیل و در دشت میان کوهی خلخال واقع شده است و به لحاظ یافته های باستان شناختی یکی از شاخص ترین محوطه های شمال غرب ایران به شمار می آید، زیرا قبوری از سه دورۀ باستان شناسی عصرمفرغ میانی، عصرآهن و دورۀ پارتی را ارائه داده است. چهار فصل کاوش علمی در آن انجام گرفته که نتایج فصل اول آن به طور کامل انتشار یافته است. در این پژوهش به قبور عصر آهن که در فصل دوم مورد کاوش قرار گرفته اند پرداخته شده است. در طی این فصل 5 گور باستانی مورد کاوش قرار گرفت که با شماره های 26، 27، 28، 29 و 31 مشخص گردیده اند. گور شمارۀ 29 در عصرمفرغ میانی، قبور 26، 28 و 31 در عصرآهن i و گور 27 در دورۀ پارتی تاریخ گذاری شده اند. گورهای این گورستان به صورت چاله ای بوده که تدفین در آن ها به صورت تک نفره و دونفره صورت گرفته است. در پژوهش حاضر قبور عصرآهن به لحاظ کیفی به شیوۀ توصیفی-تحلیلی و با رویکرد مقایسه ای مورد مطالعه و به لحاظ یافته های تدفینی با آثار سایر محوطه های شمال غرب و مناطق هم جوار مورد مقایسه قرار گرفته است. مقایسه های انجام گرفته مانند نتایج مطالعات قبور فصل اول این گورستان یک ارتباط فرهنگی را با محوطه های عصرمفرغ میانی و جدید و عصرآهن i و ii نشان می دهد که این موضوع بیانگر تسلسل فرهنگی از عصرمفرغ میانی تا اواخر عصرآهن ii است که در نقطۀ مقابل نظریۀ پویایی فرهنگی قرار می گیرد.

The Iron Age I Tombs of the Second Seasonin Gilavan Khalkhal Cemetery

AbstractThis site is located 60 km southwest of Khalkhal, in Shahrood plane, in Khalkhal city and 180 km south of Ardabil city. In May 2006, during the implementation of the road construction project in Khanghah village, the remains of several graves were revealed. From this date onwards, four seasons of Archaeological studies were conducted on this site. The first season was carried out in the same year, and graves 12, 19 and 25 were explored, among them a grave to the Iron Age I and the other graves belonged to the Iron Age II. The trench B was also explored in order to identify of more tombs. Following the excavation, graves 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 24 were discovered in this trench. According to studies on these graves, 2 graves belonged to the middle Bronze Age, 1 grave to the Iron Age I, 9 graves to the Iron Age II, and 4 graves belonged to the Parthian period. The second season was explored in 2007. In this season, the trench C with dimensions 10 x 10 m on the west side of the trench A and trench D with dimensions of 5 × 5 m along the trench B was explored. As a result, in this season, the remains of the 5 ancient graves were obtained; one of them belonged to the Parthian period, 1 grave to the Middle Bronze Age and three other graves to the Iron Age I. Four scientific explorations have been conducted in which the results of the first season are fully published. In this study, the graves of the Iron Age of the second season of this site are discussed. The comparisons, such as the results of the grave studies of the first season of the cemetery, show a cultural connection with the mid and late bronze Age sites and the Iron Age I and II, indicating a cultural sequence from the Middle Bronze Age to the late Iron Age II, which contrasts with the theory of cultural dynamism. So, the main hypothesis of this study, it is: Theory of cultural dynamism in Iron Age I, in this area isn’t correct. Keywords: Northwest of Iran, Ardabil Province, Gilavan Cemetery, Iron Age Burials.IntroductionGilavan cemetery is located northwest of Khanghah village and adjoined to it. In terms of archaeological findings, this cemetery is one of the most prominent sites in the northwest of Iran, because of the burial of the three archaeological periods of the middle Ages, the Iron Age and the Parthian period. Four scientific explorations have been conducted in which the results of the first season are fully published. In this study, the graves of the Iron Age of the second season of this site are discussed. During this season, 5 ancient graves were explored, identified by numbers 26, 27, 28, 29 and 31. Grave No. 29 dated to the middle bronze age, graves 26, 28, and 31 dates to the Iron Age I and 27 to the Parthian period. The graves of this cemetery were in the form of a hole in which burials were carried out in single and double burials. In the present study, gravels of the Iron Age of second season were qualitatively, descriptivelyanalytic and comparative approach, and compared with the effects of other burial grounds of the northwest and neighboring areas. The comparisons, such as the results of the grave studies of the first season of the cemetery, show a cultural connection with the mid and late bronze Age sites and the Iron Age I and II, indicating a cultural sequence from the Middle Bronze Age to the late Iron Age II, which contrasts with the theory of cultural dynamism. The studies of Gilavan cemetery are important because in this area, in the burial findings of the graves, we witness a cultural sequence from the middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age II. Such results are of particular importance to the studies of the Iron Age, as well as the theory of cultural dynamism in the late period of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, which some researchers believe it to be.The tombs of Gilavan cemetery in this studyTomb No. 26: This tomb is located in trench D, and in the northeast it, in a depth of 107 cm from bench mark. This tomb is from type of grave pit that after the burial from the rock has been used to highlighting the grave. This tomb has been belongs to man25 to 30 years old.Tomb No. 28: This tomb is located in northwest corner of trench C, and highest level this tomb from the ground 149 cm. This tomb is from type of grave pit, and single burial. Tomb No. 28 has been belongs to female 25 to 30 years old. Tomb No. 31: This tomb is located in the northern part of trench C, and to form of double burial. Tomb No. 31 is from type of grave pit. ConclusionThe study of the graves of the Iron Age of this site indicates that there are many similarities in the burial findings of the northernwestern areas of Iran during the bronze and iron period. In other words, the findings of this cemetery can be compared with the burial objects of many sites of the middle bronze, the late bronze and Iron Age I and II, and this represents a cultural sequence during a period to a period Another is in the northwest of Iran and even neighboring areas. It seems that many of the developments in the Iron Age region of Iran are rooted in the earlier period. Many of the forms and techniques of constructing objects represent a kind of evolved designs, and the subject matter that implies the emergence or sudden appearance of them is not visible.