بررسی نقش‌های شش‌گانۀ زبانی در ادبیات تعلیمی

ادبیات تعلیمی، یکی از انواع ادبی در ادبیات فارسی است که سابقه‌ای دور و دیرین دارد. این نوع ادبی نه‌فقط در دورۀ اسلامی، بلکه در آثار بازمانده از ایران باستان نیز وجود دارد. این ادبیات با زبان ویژۀ خود، ابزاری کارآمد در تعلیم فردی و جمعی محسوب می‌شود. در این میان زبان به‌عنوان یکی از شاخص‌ترین موضوع در نوع ادبی، بسیار حائز اهمیّت است؛ به‌گونه‌ای که توجه به نوع زبان در متون ادبیات تعلیمی می‌تواند ما را به درک بهتر و عمیق‌ترِ ساختار زبانی متون تعلیمی و کارکردهای اجتماعی و فردی آن رهنمود کند. بر این اساس ما در این جستار در پی آن هستیم که به روش توصیفی تحلیلی، نوع کارکردهای شش‌گانۀ زبانی در ادبیات تعلیمی زبان فارسی را بررسی کنیم.

an examination of the six linguistic functions in didactic literature

1.      introduction didactic literature refers to works whose content consists of moral, social, or scientific teachings and which are created with the purpose of education and moral instruction. one of the most important functions of this type of literature is the impact it has on its readers, encouraging them to confront phenomena with a different perspective and insight. by surveying didactic literature, it becomes clear that prominent writers, in order to exert such an influence on their audience, inevitably need to infuse the minds and language of their readers with new ideas through a new mode of expression. language, as one of the most fundamental and essential expressive tools, constitutes the core of literature, through which the audience arrives at an understanding of a work. accordingly, in didactic literature we are also dealing with a type of language that differs from that of other literary genres. one of the most effective tools for examining the language of this literary type is its analysis from the perspective of roman jakobson's six linguistic functions. based on this approach, the present study seeks to answer the following questions:– what is didactic literature?– what is the relationship between the type of language and this literary genre?– how are the six linguistic functions manifested in didactic literature? 2.      research method the research method employed in this study is descriptive–analytical. 3.       discussionthis section of the article is devoted to analyzing the six communicative functions in roman jakobson's linguistic theory and examining how these functions emerge and are manifested within the domain of persian didactic literature. the article first emphasizes the distinction between literary language and ordinary language, introduces jakobson's theoretical framework, and then, in a step-by-step manner, defines the six principal functions: the emotive function (expression of the sender's feelings), the conative function (influencing the receiver), the referential function (transmission of objective information), the metalingual function (explanation of the code/language), the phatic function (establishing and maintaining the channel of communication), and the poetic/literary function (focus on the message itself). by presenting numerous direct examples from persian didactic prose and poetry (such as bustan by sa'di, kalile va demne, and tazkarat ol-awliya), the article demonstrates how rhetorical structures and techniques in this type of literature serve the fulfillment of these literature, which is replete with advice, counsel, and moral exhortation, the audience occupies the central position of attention. in this literary type, the conative function of language is of great importance, and it can in fact be stated that the dominant linguistic function in this genre is the conative one, with the other functions revolving around it. following this, the emotive function ranks second in importance, as it is considered one of the principal and fundamental elements of literary language. another function is the phatic function, through which poets and writers of didactic literature have been able to empathize and establish emotional rapport with the audience, thereby making the audience more receptive to the message. the poetic function in this genre, in the hands of a capable poet or writer, is a tool through which the message is artistically conveyed in the service of education. the metalingual function in this type of literature assumes the responsibility of giving objectivity to abstract concepts, and the referential function in didactic literature operates in such a way that the writer or poet employs it in the service of the conative function.communicative functions. 4.      conclusionlinguistic functions in literary genres possess specific and distinct roles. in didactic literature, based on roman jakobson's linguistic theory, these functions can be categorized according to the degree of their influence. accordingly, since the subject of this study is didactic