واکاوی نیازهای روانی بشر در شعر فروغ فرخزاد با تکیه بر الگوی اریک فروم

اریک فروم، روان کاو انسان گرا، با تاکید بر تاثیر جامعه در شکل‌گیری نیازهای روانی بشر، پنج نوع نیاز اساسی را برای جامعۀ انسانی، تعریف کرده است. پژوهش حاضر، با بهره‌گیری از الگوی فروم و به شیوۀ تحلیلی توصیفی نیازهای روانی بشر را در اشعار فروغ فرخزاد بررسی می‌کند. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که هر پنج نیاز روانی مطرح در نظریۀ فروم، در اشعار فروغ فرخزاد، دارای مصادیق مشخصی هستند: نیاز به پیوستگی در قالب عشق و پیوند با طبیعت نمود یافته است؛ نیاز به خلاقیت، با گرایش فروغ نسبت به شعر و شاعری، ارتباط دارد؛ هویت ایرانی، جهت‌گیری نسبت به مسئلۀ دین و توجه به ریشه‌های دوران کودکی از دیگر نمودهای توجه فروغ فرخزاد به نیازهای روانی انسان در اشعار خویش است. همچنین مطابق با بررسی‌های فرومی، نمونه‌هایی از منش گیرنده، بهره‌کش، مرده‌گرا و بارور در اشعار فروغ مشاهده می‌شود که حاکی از تاثیر جامعه بر ایجاد کنش‌های روانیِ متن است. نتیجه آنکه بخش ناخودآگاه شعر فروغ فرخزاد، دربرگیرندۀ مجموعۀ مشخصی از نیازهای انسانی است که در صورت تامین و تحقق، می‌تواند زمینۀ سعادت نوع بشر را فراهم آورد.

analyzing human psychological needs in forough farrokhzad's poetry based on erich fromm's model erich fromm model

introductionthe neo-freudian psychoanalyst erich fromm, in his theory, has examined the needs of the human psyche by emphasizing the analysis of the unconscious. based on fromm's psychoanalytic theory, the present study criticizes and analyzes forough farrokhzad's poetry notebooks and seeks to answer these questions: according to fromm's psychoanalytic theory, how are human psychological needs manifested and expressed in forough farrokhzad's poems? how are the social norms mentioned in fromm's theory observed in forough farrokhzad's poetry?  research methodologyusing erich fromm's model, the present study, in an analytical-descriptive manner and relying on library resources, psychoanalytically criticizes the reflection of the psychological needs of the human species in forough farrokhzad's collection of poems.  discussthe research findings show that forough farrokhzad has referred to the need for continuity in different sections: the bird said: what a smell, what a sun, ah/ spring has come/ and i will go in search of my mate (farrokhzad, 2004: 282). in explaining the need for affiliation, fromm writes: the necessity of relating to and depending on other beings is an urgent need on which mental health depends (fromm, 2014: 49). another psychological need in fromm's theory is the need for creativity. by enjoying the power of creativity, a person distances himself from the passive role (ibid.: 56). examples of the poet's psychological need for creativity are mentioned in the poem the rebellion: you feel that it is a pity / if you cry with your pain / you smell that blossom of sadness / until you write a new poem (farokhzad, 2004: 168). fromm refers to the human desire to connect with roots. from fromm's perspective, the mother is one of the roots in the human subconscious that is always the source of peace and tranquility for the human soul (fromm, 2013: 58-59). forough farrokhzad considers the mother a refuge that, in the event of her loss, the individual faces anxiety, thus confirming the supportive role of the mother: i know now that the corner of that distant house/ is filled with the joy of life/ i know now that a child is crying/ mourning the loss of the mother (farrokhzad 2003: 60). at the beginning of his discussion of identity as one of the spiritual needs, fromm proposes a definition of man; according to fromm's definition, man is an animal that can say i and is conscious as a personality distinct from himself (fromm, 2013: 83). the concern for identity and the answer to the question of who i am is seen scattered throughout forough farrokhzad's verses and poems: i became a conqueror/i registered myself/i adorned myself with a name on an identity card (farrokhzad, 2003: 290). the need for orientation, from fromms' perspective, is to determine one's position in the world; in the book let's believe in the beginning of the cold season, the reference to light, the beginning and origin of existence, is one of the signs of the dominance of metamaterial thought over forough's poetry: the ultimate of all forces is to join, to join/ to the bright principle of the sun/ and to pour into the consciousness of light (farokhzad, 2003: 350). different types of recipient, exploiter, dead-oriented, and fertile attitudes are also observed in forough's poems, which reflect various social relationships in her writings.  conclusionthe result is that the unconscious part of forough farrokhzad's poetry encompasses a specific set of human needs. the need for continuity is manifested in the form of love and connection with nature; the need for creativity is related to forough's inclination towards poem and poetry; iranian identity, orientation towards the issue of religion, and attention to childhood roots are other psychological needs of man in her poems. productive social behavior is an approved behavioral model from forough's perspective. on this basis, the individual, despite environmental adversity, relies on internal capabilities, moving forward on the path of evolution. according to fromm's theory, vitality and hope are the most important characteristics of these people, which can usually be perceived from poetry books as the beginning of the cold season and another birth.