unlocking enhanced performance: synergistic roles of nick-el and graphene oxide in tio2 photoanodes for dye-sensitised solar cells

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of graphene oxide (go) and nickel (ni) as synergistic modifiers for titanium (iv) oxide (tio2​) photoanodes in dye-sensitised solar cells (dsscs). the inherent limitations of pristine tio2​, such as rapid charge recombination and dye degradation, significantly hinder the performance of dsscs. this review explores how the incorporation of go and ni into tio2​-based nanocomposites can effectively mitigate these issues, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of these photoelectrochemical cells. we delve into the synergistic interactions between ni and go, detailing how this combination can boost charge transport, reduce recombination, and stabilize the dye. the review covers various synthesis strategies for ni-go-tio2​ nanocomposites, their characterisation techniques, and the resulting performance evaluations in dssc devices. furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives in the development of these advanced photoanodes, offering insights for future research directions. this work highlights the potential of ni-go-tio2​ nanocomposites as a promising path toward high-performance dsscs.