perovskite sensitized solar cells: a synergistic pathway to high-performance photovoltaics

Based on the basic formula abx3, perovskite solar cells (pscs) have become a revolutionary photovoltaic technology, providing a viable route for effective and affordable solar energy conversion. this review offers a thorough examination of psc developments, starting with a summary of their basic characteristics and their vital role in tackling the world's energy problems. the fundamental architectures are examined, including planar, inverted, and mesoporous designs, as well as the mechanisms that enable their excellent performance. lead-based, tin-based, mixed sn-pb, germanium-based, and polymer-based psc types are all examined in this study, with a particular emphasis on double halide perovskites (dhps) and their critical function in improving psc stability. the important methods for increasing efficiency, such as enhancing the perovskite active layer and charge transport layers (etls and htls) are explored. lastly, the major issues that pscs face are discussed, such as lead toxicity and long-term stability, and insights are provided into how they can develop a sustainable energy landscape in the future. this in-depth examination offers readers a detailed grasp of the current state of psc technology, including recent innovations and key avenues for future research and development.