green synthesis of benzochromene derivatives using nanoparticles zrcl4@arabic gum as a heterogeneous catalyst

In this research, 2-aminobenzochromene derivatives were prepared using a heterogeneous and reusable catalyst, zrcl4@arabic gum. the synthesis proceeded via a three-component reaction between 2-naphthol, malononitrile, and different aldehydes in ethanol at 60 °c. this approach overcomes the limitations of conventional synthetic methods that often depend on toxic, costly, and non-recyclable catalysts, which may lead to harmful chemical by-products and environmental risks. the findings indicate that zrcl4@arabic gum acts as a highly effective, non-toxic catalyst that can be easily separated and reused several times with minimal reduction in activity. the reaction occurs efficiently under gentle conditions, producing high yields of products in a short time. utilizing ethanol as an environmentally friendly solvent also increases the process's sustainability. altogether, this method offers a practical, safe, and economical pathway for synthesizing 2-aminobenzochromene derivatives—key compounds with prospective uses in medicinal chemistry and pharmaceuticals—and advances the development of greener synthetic techniques. under the optimized conditions, the desired products were obtained in up to 94% yield within 20 min. the catalyst was reused three times with negligible loss of activity.