synthesis of hydrogels through various polymerization methods and their potential in biomedical and industrial applications

Hydrogels are three-dimensional, cross-linked networks that have the ability to absorb water and liquids. in research, the penetration of drugs into the skin has improved through the active hydrogel system, which helps to loosen the skin barrier by hydrating the skin. in the present study, hydrogels are classified based on different characteristics and preparation methods, and also some of their important properties and applications in different fields are reviewed. a systematic review was conducted across pubmed, embase, scopus, and the cochrane library for studies published from january 2014 to december 2024 using search terms related to scoliosis, kyphosis, spine surgery, and recovery. active hydrogel is a favorite of beauty and health industry professionals because it delivers all the ingredients to the skin, ensuring that you get the most out of your skincare routine. various techniques, such as chemical and physical cross-linking, polymerization bonding, and radiographic cross-linking used to synthesize hydrogels. chemical and physical cross-linking are common techniques in which hydrogels are produced using interaction methods, free radical polymerization, and other methods. in the physical cross-linking method, a hydrogel is prepared from the interaction between two polymers that have opposite charges, with another polymer and a small molecule. in chemical cross-linking, covalent bonds between polymer chains are formed in polymerization with monomers that have low molecular weight, resulting in cross-linked hydrogels. in the polymerization process, hydrogels are also produced by cross-linking monomers.