analytical techniques use for assessing antioxidant, phytochemical and biochemical properties of plants and fruits: a review

This review explores the antioxidant, phytochemical, and biochemical properties of plants and fruits, focusing on the analytical techniques used to assess these attributes. plants are rich in bioactive compounds such as vitamins, carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, chlorophyll, crude protein, total soluble solids, ph, dry matter, and water content, all of which contribute to their antioxidant and therapeutic potential. these compounds play essential roles in plant growth, stress adaptation, and defense, while also providing antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and disease-preventive benefits for human health. this review evaluates various analytical methods, including spectrophotometric assays, artificial intelligence (ai)-based approaches, and the integration of chemical methods with electrochemical (bio)sensors to enhance the understanding of antioxidant mechanisms. it aims to guide researchers in selecting effective, accessible, and widely accepted methodologies for studying bioactive compounds in plants and fruits. in addition, recent advancements in chemical analysis are discussed, with a focus on extraction, separation, and characterization techniques involving chromatography, spectrophotometry, and ai-driven methods.