مطالعه و بررسی نقوش و تناسبات درِ محراب چوبی مسجد جامع ابیانه

محراب‌ یا نماز گاه‌ یکی از جلوه‌گاه‌های معماری آیینی در دین اسلام به شمار می‌رود، به همین دلیل همواره سعی بر این بوده تا به بهترین صورت آذین یابند. هنرمندان طی اعصار مختلف با توجه به شرایط جغرافیایی و اقلیمی هر منطقه از مواد و مصالح مختلفی برای ساخت آن‌ها بهره جسته‌اند که ازجمله کمیاب‌ترین نمونه‌ها می‌توان به محراب‌های ساخته‌شده از چوب اشاره کرد. در حال حاضر تنها محراب تماماً چوبی برجا‌مانده در ایران، محراب مسجد جامع روستای ابیانه در نزدیکی کاشان است. درواقع هدف از انجام این پژوهش، ضمن معرفی، بررسی فنون ساخت و تزئین، تحلیل محتوایی کتیبه‌ها، همچنین مطالعه تناسبات و ترکیب‌بندی درِ محراب چوبی مسجد جامع ابیانه است. بر همین مبنا سوال‌های پژوهش حاضر عبارت‌اند از: 1. از چه فنونی در ساخت و آرایه بندی محراب چوبی مسجد جامع ابیانه استفاده‌شده است؟ 2. تناسبات و کتیبه‌های به‌کاررفته در محراب مسجد جامع ابیانه به ترتیب دارای چه مولفه‌های بصری و محتوایی هستند؟ ازاین‌رو تلاش شد با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی به آن‌ها پاسخ داده شود. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد علی‌رغم گستردگی و تنوع به‌کارگیری نقوش گیاهی، به نظر می‌رسد سازنده با استفاده از نقوش هندسی و کتیبه‌هایی نظیر آیت‌الکرسی و دیگر سوره‌های قرآن کریم، به شکل نمادین به یکتایی خداوند و مضامین اخروی اشاره دارد. شیوه‌ ساخت محراب، فاق و زبانه همچنین قاب و صفحه است. مضاف بر آن، مشخص شد در ترکیب‌بندی کلی و جزئی محراب از تناسبات طلایی استفاده‌شده است. البته فرضیه داشتن چارچوب و اسکلت پنهان درون دیوار نیز در این پژوهش برای اولین بار مطرح‌شده است.

analysis and explanation of motifs and proportions in the wooden altar of abyaneh jame mosque

the history of wood use in iran has a long history. indigenous people of iran have used wood a lot, such as for the construction of doors, windows, wooden columns, etc. this proves this. according to the surviving works, one of the areas where wood has been widely used in architecture is the historical village of abyaneh near the city of natanz. in fact, the use of wood and arts related to it, along with other factors, has made this village known and introduced as one of the important villages in the country’s tourism discussion. in this regard, the main issue of the article is the existence of the only historical wooden altar in iran inside the mosque of this village. the use of wood in the architecture of this village can be seen in the form of doors, wooden railings, lattice windows, ceilings, and columns as well as wooden porches. in general, the infrastructure of the mosque is about 1000 square meters. this mosque is rectangular and has two floors _ the basement and the ground floor. the columns inside the nave are made of wood; the walls are made of stone, mortar, and raw clay. its roof is also supported by wooden pillars and surrounding walls. inside the mosque, there are various historical wooden monuments; one of the most valuable of which is the wooden altar of the mosque in the basement. the mentioned altar has numerous decorations and inscriptions that have remained until today due to the structural and natural limitations of the wood material. the altar has decorations and carvings, as well as numerous inscriptions that have survived to this day. in fact, the purpose of this research is to introduce, to qualitatively examine (including a study of proportions and composition of motifs and methods of construction and decoration) and to conduct a content analysis of the altar inscriptions of abyaneh jame mosque. for this purpose, all the designs and techniques used on the altar and its inscriptions have been read and studied. in this regard, 1- the techniques which have been used to construct and to decorate the wooden altar of this mosque 2- as well as the visual and thematic components of the proportions and inscriptions used in the said altar, are the questions that this research seeks to answer. the present research is written in an analytical-descriptive method and is considered a kind of developmental research. on this basis, after field surveys and imaging of the altar, library, and documentary studies were conducted. then, according to this issue, a qualitative analysis and study of the designs, composition, construction techniques, and content of the existing inscriptions on the desired altar have been done and an attempt has been made to explain the data in the form of tables. studying the various designs, techniques of decoration, composition, and inscriptions of the altar in question can be of great help in identifying historical wooden artifacts, especially rare artifacts such as the wooden altar. actually, due to the lack of proper and adequate care and maintenance by the relevant authorities, the study of this wooden monument seems necessary.findings showed that the altar specifically belongs to the seljuk period, although in terms of variety, plant motifs are more numerous than other motifs, it seems that the maker has used geometric motifs to symbolically refer to god and the signs of creation. in other words, although in terms of diversity, plant motifs have more quantity compared to other motifs, it seems that the artist has symbolically referred to the great god by using geometric motifs. the use of themes such as ayat al-kursi, as well as the oneness of the one and only, the titles of god, and the infallible imams is a double emphasis on the otherworldly themes in these inscriptions.