مطالعه تطبیقی ویژگی‌های معماری در نگارگری سلطان‌محمد و میرمصور از کاخ‌های بازنمایی‌شده در شاهنامهٔ طهماسبی

تاریخ هنر و معماری ایران دارای اسنادی تصویری با ویژگی‌های منحصربه‌فرد است. یکی از این اسناد که می‌تواند اطلاعات مهمی را در خصوص نحوه بازنمایی معماری گذشته ارائه دهد نگارگری است. برای فهم این آثار و سپس خوانش فضاهای معماری در گذشته نیاز است ابتدا اصول حاکم بر نگارگری‌ها را شناخت و سپس با استفاده از اصول حاکم بر فضای معماری به بررسی چگونگی خلق فضا در آثار خالقان این هنر پرداخت. هدف از پژوهش بازنمایی ویژگی‌های معماری، شامل ساختار فضای معماری و عناصر به‌کار رفته در نگاره‌های کاخ‌های شاهنامه طهماسبی است. در این راستا سوال پژوهش این‌گونه مطرح می‌گردد که: چگونه ساختار فضا و عناصر معماری در آثار نگارگری بازنمایی شده‌است؟ روش تحقیق در این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی و گردآوری اطلاعات در آن به‌صورت استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اینترنتی بوده که انتخاب تصاویر براساس موضوع مورد بررسی یعنی بازنمایی معماری در کاخ‌ها در نگاره‌های سلطان‌محمد و میرمصور از شاهنامه طهماسبی صورت گرفته‌است و یافته‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل کیفی و با استفاده از جداول، تجزیه و تحلیل شده‌اند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد نگارگران ایرانی با پیروی از اصول موجود در معماری ایرانی و به‌صورت آگاهانه، با استفاده از شیوه‌های مرسوم در نگارگری، آن‌ها را به تصویر کشیده‌اند. همچنین آن‌ها با استفاده از اصول موجود در معماری یعنی ساختار فضایی معماری که شامل محوربندی فضایی، سلسله مراتب و سیالیت فضاست و عناصر معماری که شامل عناصر تلفیقی و تزئینی است، سعی در بازنمایی کاخ‌ها در نگاره‌های خود داشته‌اند و تفاوتی که بین نحوه بازنمایی معماری در نگاره‌های این دو نگارگر وجود داشته‌است هم در ساختار فضا و هم در عناصر معماری کاخ‌ها یعنی اصل سیالیت فضا و اصل نشانه‌گرایی است.

a comparative study of architectural features in the painting of sultan mohammad and mir musavvir from the palaces represented in tahmasabi’s shahnameh

the history of islamic art and architecture of iran has pictorial and visual documents, which have special and unique characteristics. one of these documents that can provide us with important information about the representation of past architectural spaces are miniatures. after the herat period, the art of painting and miniature making was transferred to the safavid sultans under the same conditions. in general, in isfahan, the influence of european art was gradually felt in the court of shah abbas. this effectiveness was done in several ways: european works of art imported to iran and direct contact with european artists living in isfahan. in this way, the imaginary iranian miniature painting was accompanied by a bright shadow and perspective and complete punctuation, and its objective and earthly aspect was overcome. in safavid miniatures, the main theme is the glory and beauty of this period. the subjects of the miniatures are mostly centered around the courts of sultans, nobles, beautiful palaces, beautiful landscapes and scenes of wars. in order to understand and then to read the architectural spaces in the past based on these miniatures, it is necessary to first know the characteristics and principles governing them and then, using the principles governing the architectural space, to investigate how space is created in the works of the creators of this art. the persian poetry and mysticism are widely known to be the main foundations of miniature painting.  the integration and use of miniature can be observed in masterpieces and significant manuscripts such as shahnameh and khamsa of nizami. in some of these books similarities between the representation of created works, both in terms of subject and the type of images, are evident. these similarities are sometimes manifested with no change or alteration, while in some cases they are portrayed with hints of creativity. the realistic representations in accordance with the apparent features of object is not considered a sign of transcendence in persian miniature, but alterations of the matter and going further beyond that, surpassing the outward layer and finding its reality are significant in the art of any artist. thus, in general, the reality of creation by the painters is not measured with sight or other senses.the purpose of the research is to represent the architectural features, including the structure of the architectural space and the elements used in the paintings of the palaces of tahmasbi’s shahnameh. in this regard, the research question is raised as follows: how is the structure of space and architectural elements represented in miniatures? the research method in this research is of descriptive-analytical type and information gathered in it is by using library and internet sources. the selection of images is based on the subject under study, i.e. the representation of architecture in palaces in the miniatures of sultan muhammad and mir musavvir from tahmasbi’s shahnameh, and the findings were represented after they have been analyzed using qualitative analysis and tables. the necessity and importance of research is based on the fact that painting, as one of the main sources, can be effective in representation of architectural features. the findings of the research show that iranian painters have depicted them by following the existing principles in iranian architecture and knowingly, by using conventional miniatures methods. also, they have tried to represent palaces in their pictures by using the principles in architecture, namely the spatial structure of architecture, which includes spatial orientation, hierarchy and fluidity of space, as well as architectural elements, which include integrated and decorative elements.