قاب‌های زمان: گونه‌های تجسم زمانِ روایی در نقاشی قهوه‌خانه‌ای

درحالی‌که از اواخر دوره‌ی قاجار نقاشی ایرانی به‌تدریج از «درونِ» نسخه‌های خطی بیرون می‌آمد و از ادبیات و «متن» فاصله می‌گرفت، نقاشی قهوه‌خانه‌ای به شیوه‌های گوناگون این پیوند را تجدید کرد. این مقاله به مسئله‌ی «چگونگی» پیوند متن و تصویر در نقاشی قهوه‌خانه‌ای پرداخته و دراین‌راستا با هدف شناسایی شیوه‌های تجسم زمانِ روایی در آثار این مکتب از گونه‌شناسی «فرانس ویکاف» در شناسایی انواع روایت‌ تصویری بهره‌گرفته است. این پژوهش به‌دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش‌هاست که (1) «چه» گونه‌هایی از روایتِ‌ تصویری در آثار این مکتب وجود دارد و (2) در این گونه‌ها «چگونه» زمان روایی به تصویر کشیده‌شده است؟ بدین‌منظور با روش توصیفی-تطبیقی 180 نمونه‌ی منتخب از آثار این مکتب بررسی‌شد. گردآوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش به شیوه‌ی کتابخانه‌ای انجام‌گرفته است. در این پژوهش بازنمایی «زمان روایی» در نقاشی‌های قهوه‌خانه‌ای از طریق تطبیق با توالی کنش‌ها در روایت ادبی بررسی شد و یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از وجود هر سه گونه‌ی روایتِ تصویریِ «تکمیلی»، «مجزا» و «پیوسته» در مجموعه‌ی آثار این مکتب است. بسیاری از نقاشی‌های این مکتب با شیوه‌ی «مجزا» به تصویر «لحظه‌ی آبستن» از روایت کلامی محدود شده‌اند و ازاین‌رو به‌شکلی ذهنی واجدِ «زمان‌مندی پنهان» هستند. باتوجه‌به تمایل بنیادین نقاشان این مکتب به تصویر کلِ روایت، در پاره‌ای از آثار به‌شیوه‌ای بدیع مجموعه صحنه‌های مجزا از لحظات برجسته‌ی یک داستان در توالی مکانی در کنار یکدیگر و در «یک» قاب ترکیب می‌شدند. ازسوی‌دیگر در برخی آثار قدیمی‌تر، کلِ روایت کلامی در زمینه‌ای نامنقطع با تکرار شخصیت‌های اصلی در تعاقبِ کنش‌ها بر سطح تابلو به شکل «پیوسته» تصویر می‌شدند. بنابراین به‌نظر‌می‌رسد نقاشان قهوه‌خانه‌ای در برهه‌ی زمانی کوتاهی با تعمیق و گسترش برخی شیوه‌های مرسوم («تکمیلی» و «پیوسته») و ابداع گونه‌هایی دیگر (انواع مختلف ترکیب صحنه‌های «مجزا») پیوند متن و تصویر در سنت نقاشی ایرانی را از جهت رسوخ «عینی» زمان به تصویر به نقطه‌ی اوج بی‌بدیلی رسانده باشد.

frames of time: types of embodying narrative time in qahvehkhaneh painting

the close affinity and link between painting and literature characterizes persian painting. however, towards the end of the qajar era, the use of painting for illustration in literary or historical books decreased for various reasons. meanwhile, the qahvehkhaneh painting tradition took up this age-old mode, placing the illustration of verbal narratives at the center of attention. qahvehkhaneh painters employed various modes of illustrative narration. the extent and combination of these modes appears to have reached a novel stage in iranian painting history. the present article investigates the structural link between text and image in the qahvehkhaneh painting. for this aim, drawing upon wichkoff’s taxonomy in identifying types of visual narrative and lessing’s crucial concepts in distinguishing painting from literature, it examines the following questions: (1)  what types of visual narration are there in the works of this school and (2) “how” the narrative time crystallizes in qahvehkhaneh painting?the study is conducted using a descriptive- comparative method. according to the findings, many of this school’s paintings have been restricted to the pregnant moment. these paintings only illustrate the culmination of the verbal narrative. thus, in an instance of time imagination, the audience could imagine the events before or after this frozen moment. therefore, although in this method that wichkoff describes as isolated method, time is restricted and limited in the visual narrative, in the final analysis, these illustrations have some hidden timing. it means they put forward the time sequence subjectively rather than objectively. utilizing this method constitutes a strategic compromise between the essentially spatial medium of painting and the time-bound medium of literature.however, in an intriguing initiative in some works in qahvehkhaneh painting, these distinct illustrations come together in one single frame, displaying the whole fictional narrative, i.e., its numerous moments consecutively. this method is unprecedented in the persian painting tradition. among qahvehkhaneh painters, mohammad modabber, a forerunner of this school, created most of his works in this style. this method came to be embraced and employed by the next generation of qahvehkhaneh painters in numerous forms. in the works of painters such as fathollah ghoullar aghasi, hossein hamedani, hasan esmaeilzadeh, ahmad khalili, mostafa hamidi, mohammad hamidi, abbas boloukifar, mohammad farahani, and ali akbar larni, these parts were arranged more diversely. the potential of this mode of visual narrative is in its compatibility with western aesthetic principles. in these works, the pregnant moment could be drawn by placing the subject in perspective. as seen in the works of modabber, every part of the numerous illustrations in a painting frame has its unique perspective. the teachings and academic taste of some of the teachers of mohammad modabber, who were influenced by kamal-ol-molk’s teachings, appear to have been instrumental in adopting and expanding this visual narrative method. it is true that foreign aesthetics and techniques gradually increase in the works of qahvehkhaneh painters. however, the qahvehkhaneh painting renders these techniques its own by consecutively arranging distinct illustrations of pregnant moments, adapting them to polish its unique aesthetics.in addition to the isolated method, the qahvehkhaneh painters drew upon the continuous method in displaying the numerous illustrations of a narrative. notably, shunning the sequence of distinct illustrations, hossein ghoullar aghasi used this method for a detailed articulation of the narrative. this method illustrates the personages in a spatial continuum without changing the stage in the succession of events in a time sequence. the canvas is full of sequences and time lapses. different times and places assume a narrative continuity and singularity on the canvas. even though this method was present in religious iconography since the age of the safavid and the zand dynasties in persian visual tradition, the qahvehkhaneh painter revived this tradition, notably in depicting the battle of karbala. today the works of this school are characterized by this tendency. besides hossein ghoullar aghasi, many qahvehkhaneh painters, such as mohammad modabber, hasan esmaeilzadeh, abbas boloukifar, and mohammad farahani, employed this method of visual narrative in their early works.the close link between the qahvehkhaneh painting and the religious, literary, and popular narratives seems to have expanded and deepened novel methods of visual narratives. the works of this school each represent the height of affinity between verbal and visual narratives, where time penetrates the space and the canvas, taking on a visible manifestation. this manifestation can be regarded as the last and the brightest link between text and image in the iranian painting’s tradition.