تحلیلی بر طرح و نقوش و بررسی ریشه‌های تاریخی قوچ‌های سنگی در گورستان‌های دوران اسلامی ایران

در طی ادوار مختلف اسلامی، بنا بر اعتقادات و باورهای مذهبی و فرهنگ و جغرافیای خاص هر منطقه از ایران، سنگ‌قبر‌های متنوعی در اشکال و ابعاد مختلف مورد استفاده قرار گرفته که از آن جمله می‌توان به افراشته، محرابی، ساده ایستاده، صندوقی، گهواره‌ای، قوچ‌شکل، شیر سنگی، اسب‌شکل اشاره کرد. از مهمترین این دسته از سنگ‌قبرها، از منظر معناشناختی و باورهای اسطوره‌ای، قوچ‌های سنگی هستند که عموماً در نیمه غربی ایران و بالاخص در شمال غرب و غرب ایران یافت می‌شوند. بررسی و مطالعه این گروه از سنگ قبرها می‌تواند به نمودارسازی و کشف مفاهیم این آثار ارزشمند در هنر ایرانی – اسلامی منجر شود و در نهایت می‌تواند به اهداف و جوابی منطقی برای سوالات زیر نیز دست یابد: اهداف: الف.  بررسی و مطالعه قوچ‌های سنگی گورستان‌های حاوی این سنگ قبر ب. نمادشناسی و مطالعه کهن‌الگوی قوچ‌های سنگی و تطبیق آن با مفهوم‌شناختی این نقش در ایران باستان ج.بررسی طرح و نقوش موجود بر روی قوچ‌ها سوالات: قوچ‌های سنگی در گورستان‌های دوران اسلامی ایران، در کدام حوزه جغرافیایی و در چه زمانی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است؟ باورها و اعتقادات نهفته در تندیس قوچ سنگی در گورستان‌های ایران کدام بوده و چه ارتباطی بین مفاهیم و نمادشناسی این نقش در دوران اسلامی با نقش آن در پیش از اسلام وجود دارد؟ انواع نقوش بر روی قوچ‌های سنگی کدامند و ریشه‌های آنها چیست؟ در این راستا، پژوهش پیش رو به شیوه توصیفی – تحلیلی و تاریخی و به کمک اسناد کتابخانه‌ای و بررسی‌های میدانی به دنبال معناشناسی، جست و جوی کهن الگویی و همچنین ریشه‌شناسی اعتقادی نقش قوچ در سنگ قبور اسلامی ایران، از طریق پی‌جویی آن در طول دوره‌های پیش از تاریخ و تاریخی است. مطالعات صورت گرفته نشان می‌دهد که قوچ‌های سنگی بیشتر در نیمه غربی ایران یافت می‌شوند و غیر از چند مورد، اکثراً متعلق به قرون نهم و دهم هجری هستند. قوچ در ایران باستان نماد باروری و به عنوان نشانه‌ای از فر ایزدی و در ارتباط با خدای پیروزی یعنی بهرام بوده است.  قرار گرفتن نقش قوچ به شکل سنگ ‌قبر روی گورهای دوران اسلامی، به معنای طی طریقت و فرزانگی و نشان از استحاله فرد متوفی است. بنا بر اعتقاد مردم، حضور قوچ‌های سنگی در گورستان‌ها، مانع از ورود شیاطین می‌شده و استفاده از آنها با ظاهری انتزاعی  نشانه دلاوری و رشادت دلیران ایرانی و حاکی از مردانگی، قدرت و شجاعت آنان است.

An Evaluation of the Design and Patterns and Study of the Historical Roots of the Stone Beams in the Cemeteries of Islamic Iran

According to religious beliefs, cultures and geographies of each region of Iran, different gravestones have been used in various shapes and sizes during different Islamic times. These include standing tombstone, altar tombstone, simple standing tombstone, masonry tombstone, cradle tombstone, ramshaped tombstone, rock valves, horseshaped tombstone and others. The stone rams are The most important of these types of gravestones in terms of their semantics and mythical beliefs that are commonly found in the western half of Iran and especially in northwest and western Iran. Studying this group of tombstones can lead to the revelation and discovery of the concepts of these valuable works in IranianIslamic art and ultimately to the achievement of the following goals and Questions:Goals:1. Study of the stone rams of the cemeteries of Iran2. Symbolology and study of the archeology of the stone rams3. Study of the designs and motifs on the stone ramsQuestions: In which Geographical area and which period of time stone rams were used?What is the relationship between popular belief in stone rams and understanding and symbolism before Islam?The current research is conducted using library research method and field studies as well as analyticalcomparative method to trace semantics, ancient archetypes, as well as the etymology of belief in the design of the ram in Islamic gravestones of Iran, through following it up in prehistoric and historical periods, and seeks a rational answer to the abovementioned questions.The prior Studies show that stone rams are mostly found in the western Iran and most of them belong to the ninth and tenth centuries AH, except for a few. The ram in ancient Iran has been a symbol of fertility, and a sign of a lord in connection with the god of victory, Bahram. Placing the design of a ram, in the form of a tombstone on Islamicera graves, means arriving at the wisdom and symbolizing the transformation of the deceased. According to the beliefs of the people, the presence of stone rams in the cemeteries prevented demons from entering, and using them as abstract appearances, symbolized the valor and bravery of the Iranian brave men as well as indicating their masculinity, power and courage. The design of ram or rock ram, in turn, is rooted in ancient patterns, beliefs and old ideas. It should be noted that the insights, that have been used in the use of the design of the ram or other creatures in the gravestones and other arts of this period, have been based on a transcendental vision, thought and belief, that sometimes in accordance with the same thoughts and sometimes going on with symbolism and new meanings, have been reused by Islamic artists. Therefore, design of each ram and stone ram placed on the graves of the Islamic era, had a meaning behind them that relates to the beliefs and religious imaginations or culture of the peoples of the region. The use of stone rams in cemeteries and religious sites is actually a revival of beliefs that existed in the past, but in the Islamic era, according to the Islamic vision, some of their meanings have been forgotten. Others have been accepted along with new symbols and beliefs. The stone rams are a symbol of masonry art and very artistic stone carving of various Islamic eras, most of which have been identified in the Qaraqoyunlu and Agh Qiyunluoruled territories. Surveys show that, the ramshaped gravestone was present in the times before these two governments and afterwards, and used in cemeteries and on graves. So the idea of using stone rams on the graves of the dead is rooted in ancient times.  According to studies, stone rams are mostly used in cemeteries in the northwest and west of Iran, and generally in the western part of Iran. These works, while there are few specimens of which left from an older era, have been used extensively in the 9th and 10th centuries. These rams are usually placed on the tombs of heroes and alongside religious sites, which imply meanings that the most functional and symbolic of this category of works have been greatness, power, boldness, bravery and even theology. Naming the ram for the champions is still common in Azerbaijan, such as Quch Ali, Quchi Nabi, Quch Qur Gogli, and so on. One of the oldest ceremonies in the region has been the fight against the rams, and they believe that the rams are a symbol of struggle and heroism. Nowadays, horns are also seen on the gates of some urban homes, especially in Iranian villages in other parts of the country, including Gorgan, Yazd, Khoy and Ilam. They use it to prevent evil eye (scar or saline eye) and as a sign of strength and wealth.