مقایسه تصویرسازی علمی نسخه الحشایش آستان قدس رضوی با تصاویر عینی گیاهان دارویی

در طول دوران خلفای عباسی، جهان اسلام تبدیل به قطب دانش، پژوهش و روشنفکری گردید و شهر بغداد در دوران خلفای عباسی، به اوج پیشرفت و شکوفایی خود رسید. در این دوره دعوت دانشمندان و محقیقین به بغداد، گردآوری و برگرداندن کتابهای خطی از زبان سریانی، یونانی و پهلوی به عربی صورت گرفت. آنچه در قرون اولیه اسلامی قابل مشاهده است رشد تصویرسازی علمی در مناطق اسلامیست که دلیل آن را می توان با علاقه مسلمانان به متون علمی مرتبط دانست. مسلمانان صدر اسلام از طریق ترجمه متون علمی تمدن‌های مغلوب و همسایه به منبعی عظیم از متون علمی دست یافتند که این متون نیازمند تصاویری بود تا مخاطب تشنه علم را سیراب کند. در تصویرسازی علمی،آنچنان که از عنوانش برمی‌آید؛ مطالب نا آشنا و پیچیده علمی، از طریق تصاویر برای مخاطب قابل فهم می‌گردد. هنرمند در این نوع از تصویرسازی ضمن اشراف نسبی بر متن علمی نیم نگاهی نیز بر جذابیت صوری کتاب داشته تا اشتیاق مخاطب را برای مطالعه افزون کند؛ هر چند شاخصه اصلی در این نوع از تصویرسازی، میزان ارادت تصویرساز به متن علمی است. هدف مقاله، بررسی، مطالعه و مقایسه تصاویر گیاهان دارویی نسخه الحشایش (نسخۀ محفوظ درگنجینه آستان قدس) با تصاویر واقعی این گیاهان است. سوال‌های اصلی تحقیق عبارتند از: 1 تصاویر ترسیم‌شده در نسخه الحشایش آستان قدس رضوی چقدر با واقعیت عینی تطابق دارد؟ 2 رابطه متن (توصیف تصویری گیاه) و تصویرسازی در نسخه الحشایش چگونه است؟ این پژوهش با روش توصیفی تحلیلی بر مبنای مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و روجوع به تصاویر عینی گیاهان دارویی صورت گرفته است. نگارنده گان از طریق مطالعه تطبیقی نسخه‌ها در کنار توصیف و تحلیل تاریخی تصاویر به نتایج تحقیق دست یافته‌اند. پژوهش نشان می‌دهد: که تصویرگر نسخۀ الحشایش آستان قدس رضوی در تصویرسازی گیاهان ناآشنا، بدون آنکه از روی طبیعت الگو برداری کند، به کمک تخیل خود از روی اوصاف گیاهان و یا به تقلید از کار پیشینیان اقدام به تصویرسازی کرده است. هدف اصلی تصویرساز، زیباسازی و آرایش ترجمه‌ها و متون خشک و گاهی نامفهوم بوده تا نشان دادن تصویر واقعی گیاهان.

Comparative Comparison of Scientific Imaging of Astan Quds Razavi’s Extrusion Edition with Objective Images of Medicinal Plants

During the period of the Abbasid caliphs, the Islamic world became a center of knowledge, research and intellectualism and the city of Baghdad reached its peak of prosperity. In addition to inviting scholars to Baghdad, manuscripts were collected and translated from Syriac, Greek and Pahlavi to Arabic. These actions led to the migration of scientists from around the world to Baghdad and the boom in education and research which is also known as the translation movement. What is visible in the early Islamic centuries is the growth of scientific imagery, which can be attributed to Muslims’ interest in scientific literature. In Scientific Imaging, the artist, while partially referring to the scientific text, also has a look at the formal appeal of the book to encourage the enthusiasm of the reader to study. Nowadays, with the expression illustration all audiences pay attention to the visualization of the pages of the book, because with the development of bibliography over the past millennium, the art of visualization has become more relevant to the context of books. Illustrations of handmade paper books largely reflect the fact that illustrators have tried to exploit this technique, while narrating various events of their day and expressing religious beliefs, historical events, as well as illuminating some theoretical and practical sciences and literary texts. Dioscorides, a Greek physician, pharmacist, and botanist who lived in the first century, arranged all his personal experiences on the medical properties of flowers and herbs in different areas. The illustrations of his Book of Materia Medica that became known as alHashish, have been traceable to Europe since the sixth century. The first translation from the book was made by Hainan bin Isaac from Syriac in 250 AH. Hainan bin Isaac entrusted the translation into Arabic to one of his students, Asfat bin Basil. However, Stefan ibn Basil translated it directly from Greek into Arabic, and revised and corrected the translation as Hennan ibn Isaac realized his mistakes. Stefan was one of the first and most accomplished translators of Greek medical texts into Arabic in the third century AH/ 9th century AD. He replaced the Greek medicinal names that he knew with their Arabic equivalents, but brought the unknown names in the original Arabic text. One of the aims of this definitive research is to investigate the branch of imaging known as scientific imaging. The aim is to study and compare the images of herbal remedies (expensive preserved versions of Astan Quds treasures) with the actual images of these plants. Most of these names were translated and interpreted into Arabic a century later in Andalusia by a monk named Nicolas, who was sent by the Byzantine emperor to the court of Abdul Rahman Nasser and was knowledgeable in both Greek and Latin. The socalled stylized translation is undoubtedly the most important translation of the book of Dioscorides into Arabic. Another important translation, namely the source translation of the manuscript of alHashayash alMashhad (Astan Quds), was done by Mehran ibn Mansur ibn Mehran, who knew both Syriac and Arabic languages ​​well, and used the Syriac translation of the book done by Hinnah ibn Ishaq, and translated it into Diyarbekir during the reign of King Najmuddin around 550 AH. The general title of the “Abbasid School”, that continued for five centuries, is bestowed upon various ways of illustrating books in the cities of Baghdad, Mosul, Kufa and Wasit; most of which were influenced by Sasanian and Byzantine art. It is characteristic of the paintings of this period that the outlines and shapes of animals and larger individuals were drawn, and the organs delineated in a simple manner with little or no depiction of background. The colors are few, but coordinate, very precise and subtle. The faces belong to the Sami (Arab) race, but they also have a significant influence on Byzantine and Eastern Roman artists.  The main questions of the study are: 1 To what extent are the images depicted in the transcript of Astan Quds Razavi’s version close to the objective reality? 2 What is the relationship between text (visual description of plant) and visualization in the transcript? This descriptiveanalytical study is based on library research and references to objective images of medicinal plants. The authors have achieved research results through a comparative study of the manuscripts along with the historical description and analysis of the images. The research shows that the illustrator of the Astana Quds Razavi’s version of the extravaganza depicts unfamiliar plants, imitating the nature of plants, or imitating the work of ancestors, without modeling on nature.