تحلیل تجربی و تطبیق بصری لون‌های زرد در کتاب جواهرنامه نظامی با نمونه رنگ‌های سفال مینایی قرون ششم و هفتم هجری قمری

تنوع رنگی و نمایش رنگین کمانی لعاب مینایی، این لعاب را جزو باشکوه ترین تزیینات سفالینه‌ها قرار داده است و طیف گسترده رنگ‌های زرد، آبی، سبز، قهوه‌ای، ارغوانی، سیاه که گاه همراه با طلاکاری و زرین‌فام است را شامل می‌شود.سال تولید این شیوه تزیین سفالینه‌ها، براساس کتیبه‌های موجود بر آثار سفالین، دوره زمانی اواخر قرن 6 و اوایل قرن 7 هجری قمری است. مقارن با این دوران، محمد ابن ابی البرکات جوهری نیشابوری در کتاب جواهرنامه نظامی متن ارزشمندی در فصل چهارم خود با عنوان «صفت انواع رنگ‌ها که بر قواریر و انواع اوانی قاشی و اصفهانی و شامی و چینی و غیر آن به کاردارند»، در مورد این تکنیک، اشارات و ترکیبات متنوعی ارائه کرده است که در بین آن‌ها با دو ترکیب متفاوت با نام زرد مواجه می‌شویم؛هدف از این تحقیق، مطالعه و مقایسه ترکیب‌های مواد مولد رنگ زرد در کتاب مذکور و نتایج تجربی ساخت آنها و همچنین تطبیق بصری رنگ‌های حاصله با رنگ‌های بکاررفته در سفال‌های مینایی این دوران است تا از این راه صحت ترکیبات مذکور را هم از طریق آزمایش و هم به واسطه تطبیق بصری با نمونه‌های سفال‌های مینایی ارائه کنیم.در این راستا سوالی مطرح می‌گردد که حاصل آزمایش‌های تجربی دو ترکیب متفاوت ارائه شده در جواهر نامه نظامی با عنوان «لون زرد»، چگونه است و چگونه در بستر سفال‌های مینایی شاهد آن‌ها هستیم؟این تحقیق به روش توصیفی تحلیلی در بخش نظری و به روش تجربی در بخش آزمایشگاهی است. اطلاعات و داده‌ها به روش کتابخانه‌ای، مشاهده و آزمایشگاهی جمع آوری و مورد ارزیابی کیفی قرار گرفته است. نتایج آزمایشگاهی نمایانگر دو رنگ زرد متفاوت با دو ترکیب متفاوت ارائه شده در متن جواهرنامه نظامی است. روش اجرایی به روش رولعابی در محیطی اکسیداسیون مشابه لعاب مینایی دوره سلجوقیان و خوارزمشاهیان است که در دو دمای متفاوت بدست آمدند. در مقایسه بصری نمونه‌های حاصله با رنگ‌های زرد بکار رفته در نقوش سفال‌های مینایی مشابهت‌های بسیاری یافت شد.

Experimental Analysis and Visual Comparison of Yellow Hues in Javaher Name of Nezami Manuscript and Colors of Minaʹi Pottery of the 6th and 7th Centuries AH

Color variation and rainbowlike look in Mina`i glaze have made this glaze one of the most attractive ornaments. The glaze includes a wide range of yellow, blue, green, brown, purple, black, white and red hues which is occasionally accompanied with gilding and Zarrin fam. The Minaʹi glaze, as art and science, has always historically and technically been of interest to scholars and artists. This art is based on the science of alchemy. In the field of pottery science, known as alchemy in the past, there are limited resources. In this area, there are two reliable sources in Persian language with titles “Arayes alJawahir and Nafayes alTayeb” by Abolqasem Kashani and “Javaher Name Nezami” by Mohammad ibn Abi alBarakat Johari Neyshaburi. In the Arayes alJawahir and Nafayes alTayeb book, there are references to Minaʹi glazes and according to Abolqasem Kashani, its other names are “seven colors” and “two firing glaze”. Another book is Javaher Name Nazami which was written in 592 AH, and probably is the oldest and the closest Persian source to the golden age of Iranian pottery, including years of pottery and Mina’i glaze production.The production year of this ornamental style of pottery, according to the existing inscriptions on ceramic works, dates back to the late sixth century and the early seventh century. Simultaneous with the era, Mohammad Neishaburi has presented a precious text in the fourth chapter of his book titled “the variety of colors using on glassware and ewer types Qashy, Isfahani, Shamy and Chinese and otherwise”. He has written on various combinations and explanations about this technique which they used in pottery and glassware in the past. The colors include golden, yellow, red, black, silver, blue, green and white as well as other colors. Among the compositions, two types of yellow with the title “Lune zard” are observed which appear to be different hues of yellow. The following question is raised that what is the result of the empirical experiments of the two different combinations presented in Javaher Name Nezami with the title “lune zard”, and how are they manifested on Minaʹi pottery?The purpose of this research is to study and compare the yellow color compounds in this book and the experimental results of their manufacture as well as the visual comparison of the colors obtained with the colors used in the pottery of this era in order to verify the accuracy of these compounds, both through testing and through visual matching to samples of Mina`i pottery.In the present research, two different combinations of yellow were selected from the Javaher Name Nezami book and analyzed with the aim of matching them. In the research process, the compounds presented in the text of Javaher Name Nezami book were equated with modern materials and vocabulary after studying the structure. Based on the data and findings from validated books, the existing compounds were tested experimentally and in vitro. The two compounds were combined with nonindustrial vinegar after extensive abrasion and applied with a brush on a body covered with alkaliboron glaze .Then, they were heated at four temperatures in the oxidation kiln: 550, 500, 580 and 630 ° C (It should be noted that all tests are the same in terms of type of ingredients, type of kiln and method of manufacture).This study is a combinational research; part of its theoretical foundations are based on a descriptive method, and in empirical parts expresses information about the accuracy of the yellow color compounds by using experimental method and visual comparison of obtained yellow hues with samples of Minaʹi pottery with a descriptiveanalytical method. The primary data in descriptive parts of research were collected through library research, with emphasis on the Javaher Name Nezami book and ancient texts. Pictures of Mina`i pottery are collected from domestic and foreign museums, and information in the experimental part of the research through observation. In the end, this research has been evaluated qualitatively. The results of the experiments show two different yellow hues in two different combinations in military jewelry; yellow olive and yellow orange. The colors were obtained at temperatures of 580 and 630 ° C in oxidation environment using overglaze method similar to Mina’i glaze of the Seljuks and the Khwarazmian.Comparing the colors obtained from the experiments and samples of the Minaʹi pottery from the 6th and the 7th centuries AH, suggests similarities, indicating that the information in the book is correct, and with correct factors and materials including the precise selection and replacement of materials with modern ones, observing the proportions presented in the text, the choice of the appropriate base for the glaze, providing the environment and the conditions of oxidation as well as the appropriate temperature in accordance with this ancient text, different color combinations similar to the Minaʹi pottery of the 6th and the 7th centuries are produced.