evaluation of chemokines and cytokines as biomarkers for disease severity in covid-19-infected patients

Background: alterations in cytokine and chemokine levels during sars-cov-2 infection may serve as indicators of disease severity. objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the levels of plasma cytokines and chemokines in patients with covid-19. methods: the study included 120 covid-19 patients, divided into severe, mild, and recovered categories (n = 40 for each group). plasma levels of cytokines such as interleukin 8 (il-8) and tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α) were measured using elisa, while chemokines like monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp-1) and programmed death protein 1 (pd-1) were quantified through qrt-pcr. results: a higher incidence of positive biomarkers il-8, tnf-α, mcp-1, and pd-1 was observed in the severe group compared to the mild and recovered groups. notably, the expression levels of pd-1 and mcp-1 were significantly elevated in severely infected individuals relative to those in healthy subjects. a strong positive correlation was also noted between pd-1 and mcp-1 levels in cases of severe infection. conclusions: the findings suggest that mcp-1, pd-1, tnf-α, and il-8 could act as biomarkers for assessing the severity of covid-19 infections. these results aim to deepen our understanding of the immunopathological mechanisms at play in this disease.