co-occurrence of carbapenemase-encoding genes among klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates: positive relationship of bla ndm and bla sim with imipenem resistance

Background: carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae (cr-kp), known as a significant public health threat, is the most common causative agent of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. objectives: this study aimed to evaluate resistance to carbapenems and determine the prevalence of carbapenemase genes and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) of k. pneumoniae clinical isolates. methods: one-hundred k. pneumoniae isolates were evaluated. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of imipenem and meropenem were assessed by the broth microdilution method. multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to detect 11 carbapenemase-encoding genes belonging to different classes. the alleles and sequence types (st) of three isolates were identified by mlst. results: the mic of carbapenems for the isolates ranged from 0.062 to 32 μg/ml. overall, resistance rates to imipenem and meropenem were reported 11% and 34%, respectively. the bla imp gene was the most abundant (78.4%), followed by bla oxa-48 (48.6%), bla gim (27%), bla kpc (27%), bla sim (21.6%), bla bic (21.6%), bla ndm (16.2%), bla aim (16.2%), bla vim (16.2%), bla dim (8.1%), and bla spm (8.1%). the co-existence of carbapenemase genes was observed in 81.8% of the isolates. a positive relationship was found between the presence of bla ndm and bla sim and resistance to imipenem. multilocus sequence typing results showed three different sequence types, including st14, st5188, and st1861. conclusions: this study revealed a high prevalence of cr-kp isolates that suggests a high risk of horizontal gene transfer and potential to spread resistance among other strains. since sts are reported for the first time in iran, they can be considered as emerging strains.