ظرفیت‌های تبارشناسی برای «مطالعات توسعه»

مقدمه و اهداف: «توسعه» و عبارات ارزش‌گذارانه آن از قبیل توسعه ناپایدار، توسعه نامتوازن، توسعه‌نیافته، در حال توسعه و ... مفاهیمی پرکاربرد در تحلیل شرایط جوامع غیرغربی همچون ایران و مقایسه آن‌ها با جوامع توسعه‌یافته است. آنچه که در این تحلیل‌ها به‌عنوان امری مسلم و طبیعی در نظر گرفته می‌شود، ضرورت تحقق «توسعه» است، به‌گونه‌ای که تصور شکل دیگری از واقعیت غیرممکن به نظر می‌رسد. توسعه و شاخص‌های آن، نه‌تنها نقطه اتکای بسیاری از ارزیابی‌ها درباره سیاست‌ها و دولت‌ها، بلکه معیاری مسلط برای داوری درباره انسان و جامعه غیرغربی شده است. با این وجود، «توسعه» همچون هر پدیده اجتماعی دیگر تاریخمند است و فهم صحیح آن مستلزم اتخاذ رویکردی است که به این وجه توجه نماید. «تبارشناسی» به‌مثابه رویکردی نظری روشی، پدیده‌های اجتماعی از جمله توسعه را در روند تاریخی‌شان مطالعه می‌کند. این مقاله، تامل پیرامون ظرفیت‌هایی است که این رویکرد برای «مطالعات توسعه» فراهم می‌کند.روش: جهت تحقق این هدف، از مشارکت تبارشناسی فوکویی، مطالعات پساتوسعه و پسااستعماریِ توسعه (که متاثر از فوکو هستند)، تحلیل فوکو از انقلاب اسلامی ایران و برخی ملاحظات استفاده شده است تا نسخه بهینه‌شده‌ای از تبارشناسی جهت کاربرد در «مطالعات توسعه» ارائه شود.   

capabilities of genealogy for “development studies”

introduction and objectives: development and terms such as unstable development, unbalanced development, underdeveloped, under development, etc. are widely used concepts in analyzing the conditions of non-western societies such as iran and comparing them with developed societies. what is considered as certain and natural in these analyses is the necessity of the realization of development , in such a way that it seems impossible to imagine another form of reality. the development and its indicators have become not only the point of support for many evaluations about policies and states but also a dominant criterion for judgment about non-western people and society. nevertheless, development is historical like any other social phenomenon, and its correct understanding requires adopting an approach that pays attention to this aspect. genealogy as a theoretical-methodological approach studies social phenomena such as development in their historical process. this article is contemplation about the capabilities that this approach provides for development studies .method: to achieve this purpose, the participation of foucaultian genealogy, post-development and post-colonial studies of development (which are influenced by foucault), foucault’s analysis of the iranian islamic revolution, and some considerations have been used to provide an optimized version of genealogy for use in development studies .results: according to this approach, the correct method in “social science” is genealogical historiography, because the existence of every social phenomenon is a historical construction. rejecting the assumption of continuity does not mean denying the existence of any type of continuity in history, but rather it is a methodological tact. genealogy implies a fundamental critique of modernity, because it does not consider it emancipatory. this analytical approach allows the researcher to criticize dominant narratives about “development”. the formulation of the problem is one of the most important possibilities of genealogy for development studies. genealogy begins its analysis with a question in the present. therefore, the genealogical problem of development is a question of the “present”. analyzing the descent of the idea and practice of development is not in search of a single origin. success in this search, while paying attention to the special history of each land, requires tracing the reflection of the descent of the global development discourse, its elements, and social forces in the society that is being studied. genealogical studies of development, while applying the concept of “discourse”, sees a connection between representation procedures (discursive practices) and material procedures (non-discursive practices) of development, pay attention to individual and collective agency, and do not seek homogenization, theorizing and extreme generalization.