endometriosis: a rare cause of gross hematuria

Introduction: endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial tissue exists outside the uterine cavity. urinary tract lesions are present in 1 % of women with this condition. case presentation: a 34-year-old woman was presented to our clinic with a 3-year history of dysuria and frequency. her past medical history was significant for cesarean sections, performed 3 years earlier. in our center, the patient underwent cystoscopy and transurethral resection of a lesion found in the bladder wall, which on histopathology examination appeared to be endometriosis. a course of six-month hormonal therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh)-agonist (dipherelin™ 3.75 im per 28 day) was planned for her. one month later, trans-vaginal ultrasound revealed a nodule posterior to the bladder, which had grown 1cmin the preceding month. therefore, hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, and partial cystectomy were performed. the pathology report was mullerianosis. during two years of follow up, the patient remained asymptomatic. conclusions: endometriosis and endocervicosis should be regarded as important differential diagnoses in patients with gross hematuria and those suspected to have urothelial carcinomas.