resveratrol and saroglitazar: a promising combination for targeting tgf-β/smad3 signaling and attenuating inflammatory response in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats

Background: this study aimed to investigate the combined effects of resveratrol (res) and saroglitazar (saro) on a high-fat diet (hfd)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) in a rat model. methods: in this animal study, rats were treated with res, saro, or a combination of both. male rats were fed with an hfd to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (nash) and then divided into 4 groups: res treatment, saro treatment, combined res and saro treatment, and no treatment. various parameters were measured, including body and liver weight, liver enzymes, gene expression of inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species (ros), protein expression levels of transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-β) and p-smad3, and liver histology. results: the combination of res and saro significantly reduced blood and hepatic lipids, attenuated weight gain, and decreased inflammatory cytokine production in a nafld study. the combination diminished hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and tgf-β1 expression, suggesting antifibrotic effects. histological evaluations showed antisteatotic and antifibrotic outcomes of the combined treatment. improved glycemic index, blood lipids, and reduced nash indicators (i.e., aspartate aminotransferase [ast] and alanine aminotransferase [alt]) were observed after 6 weeks. the treatment also decreased ros and nox family expression, lessening oxidative stress. the inhibition of the tgf-β-smad3 pathway in hfd-induced rats resulted in reduced nash (p < 0.05). conclusions: the results indicated that the group receiving the combination of res and saro showed a more efficient reduction in fibrosis and steatosis in the nash model induced by an hfd than the groups receiving res or saro alone.