covid-19 among patients with hepatitis b or hepatitis c: a systematic review

Context: hepatic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are common among people living with hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv). objectives: this systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence on covid-19 patients living with hbv or hcv co-infections. data sources: we searched multiple electronic databases and preprint servers from december 1, 2019, to august 9, 2020. study selection: studies were included if they reported quantitative empirical data on covid-19 patients living with hbv or hcv coinfections.data extraction: descriptive analyses were reported, and data were synthesized narratively. the quality assessment was completed using the joanna briggs institute critical appraisal tools. results: out of the 941 uniquely identified records, 27 studies were included. of the eligible studies, 232 covid-19 patients were living with hbv and 22 were living with hcv. most patients were male, and the mean age was 49.8 and 62.8 years in patients living with hbv and hcv, respectively. among the reported cases of sars-cov-2-hbv co-infection, the proportions of death were 4.7% and 15% in cross-sectional and case series/report studies, respectively. the death proportion was 8.3% among the reported cases of sars-cov-2-hcv coinfection. among covid19 patients, 34.1% and 76.2% reported at least one comorbidity besides hbv and hcv infections, mainly hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. the most common covid-19-related symptoms in both hbv and hcv groups were fever, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms. conclusions: while understanding the pathogenesis of sars-cov-2 requires further investigations, the careful assessment of hepatic manifestations and chronic infections, such as hbv and hcv upon the admission of covid-19 patients could help reduce multimorbidity among hbv or hcv patients and lead to more favorable health outcomes among them.