effect of gate opening height on the hydraulic jump characteristics in an open channel

Hydraulic jump is often used to dissipate energy of flow in open channels. despite extensive study on hydraulic jump, effects of tail gate operation on hydraulic jump remains underexplored in the standard literature. this research investigates the effects of sluice gate opening (sgo) and tail gate opening (tgo) on hydraulic jump characteristics using experiments, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulations. the study is carried out for froude number range of 1.58 - 4.48, sgo range of 0.011 – 0.020 m and tgo range of 0.023 – 0.030 m. the results show that increasing sluice gate opening (sgo) primarily affects the hydraulic jump location, moving it closer to the sluice gate and reducing upstream depth ( ), while downstream depth ( ) remains almost same. on the other hand, there is substantial increase in downstream depth (  and the location of hydraulic jump shifts towards sluice gate with decreasing tail gate opening (tgo). locations of the hydraulic jump are estimated using theoretical equation, experiments and numerical simulations. in addition, energy dissipation analysis reveals that tgo is more effective than sgo in dissipating energy through hydraulic jumps.