biomarkers for assessment of human immunodeficiency virus and its co-infection with hepatitis b and hepatitis c viruses: a comprehensive review

Recently, prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv) co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), has dramatically increased worldwide due to their shared routes of transmission. compared to sporadic infection with hiv, hbv, and hcv, concurrent infection with these agents increases the effects and complications of these viruses. furthermore, co-infection may also alter therapeutic strategies against hiv. accordingly, choosing appropriate biomarkers to detect these co -infections is one of the main concerns in the field of diagnostic pathology. up to now, several markers have been introduced for simultaneous diagnosis of hiv, hbv, and hcv. in this regard, serum adenosine deaminase activity (ada), fibro tests, ast-to-platelet ratio index (apri), fibrosis-4, hyaluronic acid, and micro ribonucleic acids have been investigated as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of hiv-hcv/hbv co-infections. this work summarizes the diagnostic value of current and emerging biomarkers in hiv patients concurrently infected with hbv and hcv.