Studying the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1990 – 2023): Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach

The main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in the ksa, in addition to evaluating the influence of economic openness on this relationship. it utilized time series data from 1990 to 2023, for fdi, economic openness, and gdp per capita. ardl model was employed to explore both short-term and long-term impacts. the study found a long-term equilibrium relationship between three variables, with both fdi and economic openness having a positive long-term impact on economic growth. however, economic openness had a more significant effect. in the short term, fdi had a temporary negative effect before its long-term advantages appeared, while economic openness showed a negative impact in the second lag. the error correction rate revealed the economy's ability to return to equilibrium at a rate of 25.4% annually after economic shocks. the study recommends implementing balanced economic policies to maximize fdi advantages and minimize the negative consequences of economic openness