دور المرجعیة الدینیة الشیعیة فی مقاومة الاستعمار فی البلاد العربیة والاسلامیة 1329 - 1334ه / 1911 - 1915 م (لیبیا - ایران - العراق) انموذجا

The history of the jihadist reference to religion is full of inflammatory events that can not be summarized in a book or two books, but it can be said that the history of muslims - especially the modern - bears witness to the history of the bloody struggle waged by the mujahideen. in the history of muslims, especially in iraq and iran, religious scholars had their distinctive role, especially during the period extending from the tanbak revolution in the late 19th century until the twentieth revolution in the late 20th century. between shirazi muhammad hassan al-kabir and shirazi muhammad taqi, and between these two revolutions and the revolution of the twentieth in iraq left its mark on the future of the iraqi people as a whole. however, there are many positions, visions and analyzes on the roles of religious scholars in political life and struggle, there is also a lot of distortion and deception for at least some of them . when the italian colonial occupation of libya in 1911, the shiite response was active about the event, as the state rarely adopt the declaration of jihad, even initiated the shiite scholars to issue their fatwas that jihad and fight against italian colonialism. the shiites also contributed to the formation of the committees to defend tripoli and the west, and to raise funds. even sheikh mabdir al-fara'un, head of al-fatilah, donated 500 liras and expressed his readiness to participate in the jihad even though he was detained. the ottoman government released him as an appreciation of his positions. karbala the parents held a public meeting at the shrine of imam hussein (as), where speeches were delivered enthusiastically, and then raised donations. on 12 october 1911 (18 shawwal 1329 e), nearly two thousand people demonstrated in the city. the cities of najaf and samarra witnessed mass demonstrations in which speeches were delivered enthusiastically, and called on speakers to renounce sectarian differences and unite efforts . when the russian armies moved towards the northern regions of iran, in late november 1911 (early dhu al-hijjah 1329 e). the russian attack on iran posed a new challenge to the muslim world. it came a few weeks after the italian occupation of libyan territory. therefore, the response of shiite scholars was quick and strong. they declared their intention to defend iran against the russian occupation. mr. kazem al-yazdi issued a statement in which he declared jihad. he spoke of the colonial campaign by italy, russia and britain against the islamic countries. he called on muslims to confront colonialism and defend the two iranian and ottoman states. this fatwa reflects the interest of shiite scholars in the issue of the political independence of the islamic countries. their precise diagnosis of colonial methods revealed the fragmentation of the social unity of the muslims in order to drain their internal forces so as to facilitate their control . the shiite clerics' call for jihad revealed their conscious vision of the nature of the stage in which the islamic countries lived. in the british invasion, they found part of the great colonial project begun several years earlier, aimed at controlling the islamic country and dividing it into multiple spheres of influence among the colonial powers. if the fatwas of the shiite scholars on the necessity of jihad were a surprise to the ottoman government, their initiative in leading the mujahideen brigades to fight the british in the battle of shuaiba, and the speed of shiite response to this initiative, was a surprise for both the turks and the english. mujahideen it caused the death of mr. mohammed said al-haboubi as a defeat for the defeat of the english without the misjudgment and management of the ottoman leadership of the war. the turks' treatment of the mujahideen forces and the efforts of shiite clerics difficult as war conditions. however, the surge of scientists was strong against british colonialism as a military challenge targeting muslim countries. this position was the finest images of the positions of the religious authority in its struggle against colonialism of all kinds and trends