A review on biosynthesis, regulation, and applications of terpenes and terpenoids

Essential oils (eos) are concentrated liquids extracted from various parts of plants and canbe classified based on their phytochemical compounds. terpenes and terpenoids have awide range of biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,antioxidant, and antiallergic properties. terpenes are plant-based compounds commonly usedin the pharmaceutical, food, biofuel, and chemical industries by humans. in synthetic biology,genomic resources and emerging tools facilitate the production of high-quality terpenoidsin plants and microbes. terpenoids, however, are difficult to produce in large quantities dueto their complex chemical structures and the limited amounts found in plants. the regulationof terpenoid biosynthesis has gradually emerged as a research priority. this review presentsan overview of the biological activities, synthesis pathways, and key enzymes involved inthe biosynthetic pathways and regulation of terpenes or terpenoids. this review will alsoinclude references for further research on molecular regulation, biological advancements, andincreasing the content of terpenes or terpenoids in plants.