three-year retrospective study of clinical health conditions in ruminants and equines at outdoor clinic of gomal university, pakistan

This retrospective study was conducted at the faculty of veterinary and animal sciences (fvas) outdoor clinic, gomal university, to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of common surgical conditions over three years (january 2021-december 2023). a total of 340 cases were examined at the outdoor clinic encompassing conditions such as hernia, wounds, lameness, fractures, urine retention (ur), and dog bites in bovine, equine, ovine, camel, and caprine species. descriptive statistics were applied using spss software to analyze the data by species, months, and types of infections. the results revealed that wounds (30.29%) and ur (30%) were the most frequent conditions, followed by lameness (24.41%), fractures (7.64%), hernia (5.58%), and dog bites (2.05%). caprine and ovine species were found affected from ur and hernias. wound cases were consistently high throughout the study period, particularly in bovine and caprine species. lameness was most prevalent in equine and caprine species, especially in january, february, and december. fractures were primarily observed in ovine and caprine species, often resulting from vehicular accidents. although less frequent, dog bites were reported in ovine and caprine species. the study highlights the species-specific distribution of these conditions with the highest incidence recorded in february and lowest in october. these findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and improved clinical management to reduce the impact of these health issues on animal welfare and productivity.