Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention

the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents (aged 2–18 years) has increased rapidly, with more than 100 million affected in 2015. moreover, the epidemic of obesity in this population has been an important public health problem in developed and developing countries for the following reasons. childhood and adolescent obesity tracks adulthood obesity and has been implicated in many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. furthermore, childhood and adolescent obesity is linked to adulthood mortality and premature death. although an imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity is a principal cause of childhood and adolescent obesity, environmental factors are exclusively important for development of obesity among children and adolescents. in addition to genetic and biological factors, socioenvironmental factors, including family, school, community, and national policies, can play a crucial role. the complexity of risk factors for developing obesity among children and adolescents leads to difficulty in treatment for this population. many interventional trials for childhood and adolescent obesity have been proven ineffective. therefore, early identification and prevention is the key to control the global epidemic of obesity. given that the proportion of overweight children and adolescents is far greater than that of obesity, an effective prevention strategy is to focus on overweight youth, who are at high risk for developing obesity. multifaceted, comprehensive strategies involving behavioral, psychological, and environmental risk factors must also be developed to prevent obesity among children and adolescents.