green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using myristica fragrans fruit extract: enhanced stability, antibacterial activity, and molecular insights

Silver nanoparticles (agnps) have experienced a substantial rise in application for antibacterial purposes and other harmful microorganisms due to their wide-ranging possibilities in emerging technologies. this study aimed to synthesize agnps using myristica fragrans (mfe) extract as a green synthesis method (agnp-mfe) and compare them with agnps made conventionally using trisodium citrate (agnp-sc) based on their physical and antimicrobial properties. spectra showed that both agnp formulations exhibited absorbance bands typical of agnps, confirming that both formulations successfully produced agnps. data suggest that the agnp-mfe is significantly more stable over 21 days than the agnp-sc formula. agnp-mfe maintained superior particle dispersion throughout the testing period, whereas agnp-sc exhibited significant aggregation in less than four days. light scattering data indicate that the size distributions of agnp-mfe and agnp-sc are very similar (approximately 19 nm and 18 nm, respectively). furthermore, both formulations showed significant antimicrobial activity against e. coli, with minimal differences in efficacy. molecular dynamics simulations, performed for 250 ns, revealed stable interactions between agnp and ptp1b (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b), supported by a negative binding free energy (-δgbind = -51.71 kcal/mol) and specific residue-based interactions. these findings highlight the potential of agnps as effective antibacterial agents and underscore the viability of m. fragrans extract as an eco-friendly and sustainable method for nanoparticle synthesis in advancing green nanotechnology.