highly efficient adsorption of pharmaceutical compounds on sunflower seed shell derived porous carbon

The adsorption capacity of a low-cost biosorbent, sunflower seed shells (sfs) as activated carbon was prepared treatment by hydrochloric acid (hcl) and sodium hydroxide (naoh) of 0.1 n, was investigated for removal paracetamol drug, several analyses of ac-sfs surface, like fesem, tem, and edx have been done. the effect of some optimum conditions such as concentration of paracetamol drug and equilibrium time, weight of ac-sfs, and temperature solution were investigated in the batch model. as the equilibrium time increases, the absorption efficiency increases. likewise, the removal percentage increases and the increased weight of ac-sfs leads to an increase in the removal percentage, while the adsorption efficiency decreases. finally, with increasing temperature, the adsorption efficiency and removal percentage increase, as a result the reaction is endothermic and spontaneous. adsorption equilibrium studies were examined by langmuir, freundlich isotherm models. freundlich model fitted the result best with an ac-sfs efficiency (qe= 46.567 mg/g). the thermodynamic factors presses were calculated as the maximum δg= −3.015 kj/mol, δs= 24.47 j/mol, and δh= 2.222 kj/mol, the adsorption method of the studied drug was spontaneous and endothermic. these data revealed that the use of sunflower seed shells as activated carbon to remove drugs would be an interesting option from both economic and environmental.