تاثیر اندیشه‌های شیعی - صوفی بر معماری شهری کاشان (از دوره ایلخانی تا آغاز صفویه)

کاشان از دیرباز به‌عنوان پناهگاه علویان و یکی از اولین شهرهای شیعه‌ نشین ایران مطرح است. این شهر که سابقه تاریخی آن به هفت هزار سال پیش در تپه‌های سیلک می‌ رسد، پس از گشودن دروازه‌های خود به روی سپاه اسلام در سال 24 ه.ق اسلام را پذیرفت و طولی نکشید تا نشانه‌های مذهب تشیع در آن ظاهر شود. در این میان بزرگانی از صوفیه که نقش پررنگی در گسترش تعالیم ابن عربی و سهروردی داشتند، در کاشان ظهور کردند. کاشان توانست به‌خوبی این آزادی مذاهب را در خود جای دهد تا زمینه بروز بزرگان صوفیه و شیعه در کنار هم فراهم شود و پیشرو در رشد اندیشه‌های شیعی صوفی باشند که حیدر آملی بعدها آن را شرح و گسترش داد. این پژوهش پس از بررسی این اندیشه‌ها در کاشان، تاثیر آن را در حکام محلی و مردم نشان می‌دهد که چگونه ساختار های شهری و معماری خود را بنا بر تعالیم شیعی صوفی بناکرده‌اند و نشانه‌های خاصی در شهر ایجاد کردند که بعدها در مکتب اصفهان بروز یافته است. این نشانه‌ها همچون قرارگیری مساجد و خانقاه‌ها در کنار هم و ایجاد مجموعه‌ای واحد برای دو مذهب تشیع و تصوف در عین ساختار مجزا، از اصل وحدت وجود ابن عربی سرچشمه می‌ گیرد و بزرگ‌ترین شارح آن عبدالرزاق کاشانی بوده که مریدان زیادی در کاشان داشته است. هرچند خانقاه عبدالرزاق کاشانی و معاصران او در کاشان از بین رفته‌اند، اما قریب به‌اتفاق خانقاه‌ های قرون هفت تا ده کاشان، در کنار مساجد و مدارس بزرگ بناشده‌اند. خانقاه مسجد عمادی در کنار مسجد عمادی یکی از این نمونه‌ها است. به نظر می‌رسد این مجموعه‌سازی یعنی قرارگیری مدرسه، مرکز عبادی شیعه و صوفی و مجموعه‌ های خدماتی و بازار در کنار هم که بعدها توانست در مکتب اصفهان به‌خوبی نمایان شود، از اندیشه‌های شیعی – صوفی عالمانی چون عبدالرزاق کاشانی و از کاشان سرچشمه گرفته باشد.

The impact of Shiite Sufi thoghts on Kashan urban structure (Ilkhanid to the beginning Safavid(

Kashan has long been As the Alavian refuge And it is one of the first Shiite cities in Iran. This city has its historical background It reaches the Silk Hills seven thousand years ago After opening their gates to the Islamic Guard Corps In the year 24 AH he accepted Islam And it didn’t take long for the Shiite religious signs to appear. Meanwhile, the great Sufis were instrumental in expanding the teachings of Ibn Arabi and Suhrawardi They emerged in Kashan. Kashan was able to accommodate this freedom of religion To provide the opportunity for Sufi and Shia elders to come together And leading the development of ShiiteSufi ideas Heidar Amoli later described and expanded it. This research after studying these ideas in Kashan It shows its impact on local rulers and the people How they have renamed their urban and architectural structures according to ShiiteSufi teachings And they created specific signs in the city that later appeared in Isfahan School. These are signs like mosques and shrines Together, create a unified set of two Shiite and Sufi religions At the same time, the separate structure derives from the principle of unity of Ibn Arabi’s existence Its largest exponent was Abdul Razaq Kashani, who had many followers in Kashan. Although Abdul Razaq Kashani and his contemporaries in Kashan have perished But in the seven to ten centuries of Kashan Next to the mosques and the big schools Have been founded. The mosque of the Emadi Mosque next to the Emadi Mosque is one such example This complex seems to be the school, the Shiite and Sufi worship center And service and market groups together Which later became wellknown in the Isfahan It comes from Shi’iSufi ideas from scholars such as Abdul Razaq Kashani and from Kashan. Geographical location of Kashan Despite this ancient city located on the way to Ray, Isfahan and Khorasan It does not provide an opportunity for governments They did nothing but loot This region was never the capital of the state But mystics and scholars have grown up whose ideas have been enduring and influential for centuries. Kashan was one of the first Shiite cities in Iran in the early Islamic centuries. In Kashan, there are a large number of Imam Kazim children. There are also numerous Sunni houses of worship in Kashan It shows the mystical tendencies in this city. Homes that have already been demolished but have been mentioned in historical sources. The existence of these centers indicates that Kashan has experienced mystical and mystical tendencies for centuries. This feature made Kashan one of the most vibrant mystical centers of Iran during the Ilkhanid and Timurid period. The presence of scholars with a tendency toward Sufism as well as Shiite principles It led to the creation of a philosophy based on the ideas of unity of Ibn ’Arabi in the eighth and ninth centuries. Kashan has been able to accommodate this freedom of religion so as to provide the opportunity for Sufi and Shia elders to come together.