the effect of manganese oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles on seed germination of medicinal chicory plant cichorium intybus l.

The chicory plant, scientifically known as cichorium intybus, has been recognized for its medicinal and nutritional properties since ancient times. due to its practical importance, this plant is extensively cultivated across various region of the world. therefore, enhancing both the quality and quantity of chicory production is paramount importance. the role of nanotechnology is crucial, particularly in the production of nano-sized particles that exhibit diverse properties. following the disinfection, the seeds, they are soaked in a solution containing zinc and manganese oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 g/l for a duration of two hours. subsequently, the seeds are transferred to a petri dish lined with moist filter paper. each petri dish receives a daily application of a corresponding solution at a volume of 0.5 cc. measurement of the root length and seed germination percentage are then conducted and evaluated. the results indicate a significant enhancement in growth with the increased application of nanoparticles at the two lower concentration. however, at the highest concentration, decreasing decline in effectiveness was noted. the optimal concentration for both types of nanoparticles was determined to be 0.05 g/l (p< 0.001). this decreasing trend at a concentration of 0.1 g/l was more pronounced for manganese oxide nanoparticles in comparison to zinc oxide nanoparticles. the findings indicated beneficial effects of both nanoparticles at the two lower concentration, while the highest concentration exhibited toxic effects. zinc and manganese are vital elements for plant growth and development; thus, the concentration is critical as it can lead to detrimental effects on plants due to either deficiency or toxicity of these essential elements. based on the outcomes of this study, it is recommended to utilize two nanoparticles of zinc oxide and manganese oxide at a concentration of 0.05 g/l are suggested to be used as fertilizers.