effect of biofertilizer inoculation on the growth and physiological traits of red angel and wonderful pomegranate plantlets under salinity stress

Purpose: the study aimed to explore the effects of biofertilizer inoculation on the growth and morphophysiological traits of red angel and wonderful pomegranate cultivars under salinity stress. research method: the experiment utilized a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with four replications to assess the effects of salinity stress at three levels (control, 4, and 8 ds/m) and biofertilizer at four levels (control, pseudomonas fluorescens, glomus mosseae, and p. fluorescens + g. mosseae) on pomegranate plantlets. findings: the results showed that the highest percentage of symbiosis was observed in p. fluorescens + g. mosseae, with 89.16% and 90.55% in the red angel and wonderful cultivars, respectively. salinity did not have any influence on the percentage of symbiosis in both cultivars. furthermore, the application of biofertilizers increased the stem diameter, number of lateral branches, total number of leaves, leaf fresh and dry weight, root diameter, number of lateral roots, and relative water content of leaves in both cultivars. additionally, all biofertilizers reduced cell membrane injury at all salinity levels by approximately 40%. salinity decreased the leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, and number of lateral roots, while increasing cell membrane injury in both cultivars. research limitations: no limitations were identified. originality/value: the results highlight the potential of biofertilizers in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress on pomegranates, particularly when p. fluorescens and g. mosseae are combined.