electrochemical sensor for determination of paracetamol based on reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposite modified screen printed electrode in pharmaceutical samples

Paracetamol is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used as an antipyretic agent for the alternative to aspirin. in contrast, the paracetamol overdoses can cause hepatic toxicity and kidney damage. hence, the determination of paracetamol receives much more attention in biological samples and also in pharmaceutical formulations. here, using a reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanotubes nanocomposite (rgo/ppy nts) on a screen-printed electrode (spe), an electrochemical sensor with excellent sensitivity and selectivity was created. this sensor was used to measure the amount of paracetamol present in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations. the rgo/ppy nts/spe and bare spe were subjected to cyclic voltammetry (cv) to examine the electrochemical behavior of paracetamol. at the surface of the modified spe, the impact of ph, concentration, and potential scan rate on peak currents and potentials was examined. the electrochemical studies revealed that the rgo/ppy nts significantly enhanced the electroactive surface area, resulting in a notable increase in peak currents. the rgo/ppy nts modifier exhibited a catalytic effect, facilitating the electron transfer process. the modified spe demonstrated improved sensitivity and a substantial reduction in anodic over-potential, leading to negative shifts in peak potentials. the optimal electrochemical response was achieved in a buffered solution at ph 7.0, using a 5 μl suspension of rgo/ppy nts cast on the spe surface. the dpv results indicated that the prepared sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity for paracetamol detection across a linear range of 0.1-390.0 µm, with a detection limit (lod) of 0.04 µm.