phthalate-functionalized hyperbranched glycerol polyester nanocopolymer: synthesis, characterization, and malachite green dye adsorption efficiency

The study reports the successful synthesis of phbgp, a phthalate-functionalized hyperbranched glycerol polyester nano copolymer, notable for its functional activity and porosity. pentaerythritol glycidyl ether (pege) was synthesized and utilized to enhance the harmonious growth of the prepared hyperbranched nanocopolymer phbgp. characterization methods including 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, ft-ir, afm, and xrd validated its structural properties. as a nano adsorbent, phbgp effectively adsorbate malachite green dye under optimal conditions: 20 mg/l dye concentration, 25 mg/l adsorbent dosage, ph 8, and 25 °c. isotherm models, especially the linear langmuir model (r²=0.9946), demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 666.7 mg/g, implying that the adsorption occurs in a monolayer on consistent active sites. the freundlich model’s n value of 3.152 indicates a favorable adsorption process with heterogeneous surfaces. the experimental data closely aligns with the pseudo-second-order model with the r2 value of 0.9993. the thermodynamic study explains that δg < 0, δh > 0, and δs > 0. after completing six consecutive cycles, phbgp attained an adsorption rate of 89.92% for the mg dye. the adsorption mechanism involves hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, π-π interactions, and pore-filling. overall, phbgp demonstrates potential as a highly effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for the removal of mg dye.