acid activation of iraqi bentonite clay: its structural, dielectric and electrical behavior at various temperatures

Iraqi calcium bentonite was activated via acidification to study its structural and electrical properties. the elemental analysis of treated bentonite was determined by using x-ray fluorescence while the unit crystal structure was studied through x-ray diffraction showing disappearance of some fundamental reflections due to the treatment processes. the surface morphology, on the other hand, was studied thoroughly by scanning electron microscopy sem and atomic force microscope afm showing some fragments of montmorillonite sheets. furthermore, the electrical properties of bentonite were studied including: the dielectric permittivity, conductivity, tangent loss factor, and impedance with range of frequency (0.1-1000 khz) at different temperatures.