development and characterization of herbal silver nanoparticles synthesized from hydroalcoholic extract of cordia subcordata: green synthesis, phytochemical profiling and optimization using ccd approach

The present study focused on the extraction, characterization, and nanoformulation of cordia subcordata using a green synthesis approach to develop herbal silver nanoparticles (hsnps). the plant extract was prepared by maceration with a hydroalcoholic solvent, and then subjected to phytochemical screening and organoleptic evaluation. the extract contained bioactive constituents, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds. ftir and dsc studies showed that the extract was chemically stable and did not react with silver nitrate. hsnps were synthesized and optimized using a central composite design (ccd), considering agno3 concentration, extract amount, and stirring speed as independent variables. among the 20 formulations, batch f12 was selected as optimal, displaying a particle size of 243 nm, zeta potential of -22.4 mv, and entrapment efficiency of 87.79%. characterization through tem and pxrd confirmed the spherical morphology and crystalline nature of nanoparticles. in vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release pattern; with a cumulative drug release of 93.38 % over 12 h. stability studies confirmed the robustness of this formulation under ich conditions. these results suggest that cordia subcordata-based hsnps have potential for further development in targeted and controlled drug delivery systems