recent advancements in photoactive nanohybrids for energy, environmental, and biomedical applications: a comprehensive review

In this review, the recent progress made in the synthesis of photoactive nanohybrids, their functional properties and potential applications in the fields of energy, environment, as well as in biomedicine are comprehensively reviewed. however, the future of these hybrid materials comprising photoactive component(s) with nanoscale forms is very promising regarding increasing the solar cell efficiency, overcoming water splitting photo processes, degrading pollutants and photodynamic cancer therapies. nevertheless, some challenges such as scalability issues, cost intensive synthesis, long term stability, and environmental toxicity remain a critical roadblock in its commercialization. this review also highlights existing research gaps, particularly in the development of biocompatible, biodegradable, and recyclable nanohybrids, as well as the absence of standardized evaluation protocols across applications. strategic directions for future exploration are spoken to as far as arising patterns, for example, ai enabled material configuration, multifunctional combination stages and combination in roundabout economy models. therefore, this study not only highlights the promise of photoactive nanohybrids as lab-bench metamaterials, but also points out the routes toward the technological development from the lab to the real world.