identification of non-volatile organic compounds in the native iranian plant bellis perennis l. and investigation of its sun protection factor(spf) and antibacterial properties

Currently, a major challenge in disease treatment is the adverse side effects of chemical drugs. in addition, sun-protection chemicals found in many cosmetic and skincare products may lead to adverse effects such as allergic reactions, skin irritation, and local sensitivity. therefore, efforts to develop antibacterial agents and natural, plant-derived sunscreens are ongoing. in this study, extracts of bellis perennis flowers were prepared using various solvents and analyzed by the gc-ms method. the antibacterial effects of the extracts were tested against six different bacteria: staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and klebsiella pneumoniae. the results indicated that among the studied plant extracts, the ethanolic extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. furthermore, the sun protection factor (spf) of the extracts was evaluated in vitro using uv-visible spectrophotometry. the findings demonstrated that the extracts, especially the ethanolic one, were capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation, suggesting their potential application as natural sunscreens in cosmetic and skincare products.