a high-throughput and green planar chromatographic approach for furosemide analysis in plasma

A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc) method was developed and validated to quantify furosemide in human plasma, providing a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional chromatographic techniques. the method employed silica gel 60 f254 precoated tlc plates with a mobile phase consisting of isopropyl alcohol, formic acid, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and toluene (1.5:1:0.5:3:4, v/v/v/v/v), and densitometric detection at 271 nm. paracetamol was used as an internal standard. the method exhibited a strong linear correlation over the 300-2100 ng/band concentration range with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.9949. the lower limit of quantification was 50 ng/band, demonstrating high sensitivity. the intra-day and inter-day precision (%cv) were less than 2%, and the accuracy ranged from 85.49% to 94.46%. recovery was consistent across all qc levels, with a maximum of 84.70%, and dilution integrity yielded 111% recovery. the method proved robust under slight variations in chromatographic conditions and showed acceptable stability under benchtop, freeze-thaw, overnight, and long-term storage conditions. overall, this hptlc method is simple, reproducible, and suitable for high-throughput applications, such as pharmacokinetic studies, bioequivalence assessments, and therapeutic drug monitoring of furosemide in human plasma.