enhanced wound healing and antibacterial action of nanosilver-cinnamon gel in diabetic foot ulcers

Diabetic foot ulcerations (dfus) are chronic, non-healing wounds that arise as a complex complication of diabetes mellitus, often leading to severe infection, tissue necrosis, and amputation in 60% of cases. the progression of dfus is frequently exacerbated by bacterial colonization and proliferation, particularly by staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli, within the infected tissue. cinnamon (cinnamomum spp.) has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine due to its well-documented antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal activities. this study investigated the therapeutic potential of a nanosilver–cinnamon oil gel formulation for ulcer treatment through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. in vitro analyses revealed that higher concentrations of cinnamon oil demonstrated greater inhibitory effects against both s. aureus and e. coli than formulations containing equal ratios of nanosilver and cinnamon oil. in vivo assessments further indicated that increased cinnamon oil concentrations enhanced wound closure rates. additionally, in silico molecular docking predicted that cinnamaldehyde, the principal constituent of cinnamon oil, could interact with caspase-8, a key regulator in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. collectively, these findings underscore the therapeutic potential of cinnamon oil as an adjunctive agent in managing diabetic foot ulcers.