natural polyphenol-based metal-phenolic capsules as a drug delivery system containing ethanol extract of peronema canescens jack bioactive compounds

Sungkai leaves (peronema canescens jack) are rich in bioactive metabolites, particularly flavonoids such as quercetin, that exhibit antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. in this study, a green chemistry-based metal–phenolic capsule (mpc) system was developed to enhance the therapeutic potential of sungkai ethanol extract. the extract was characterized by hrms, revealing approximately 454 compounds, including a candidate immunomodulator. mpcs were synthesized via coordination of fe³⁺ with quercetin and tannic acid, yielding stable microcapsules (8.95–17.25 μm) as confirmed by ftir, psa, sem, and xrd analyses. the system achieved high encapsulation efficiency (ee%) (98.38%) with a loading capacity (lc%) of 1.95%. in silico docking against the tlr4 receptor (pdb id: 7aah) indicated favorable binding, supporting the immunomodulatory potential of the extract. in vitro studies demonstrated rapid release under acidic conditions (ph 1.2) and sustained release at physiological ph (7.4). in vivo histopathological evaluation of mouse livers confirmed biocompatibility and hepatoprotective effects. collectively, these findings highlight mpcs@sungkai as a sustainable and biocompatible delivery platform, integrating natural polyphenols and plant extracts for immunotherapy applications with reduced risk of drug dependence.