bio-inspired green synthesis of nanoparticles for psoriasis treatment: a review of current status and future directions

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by inflammation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and immune system dysregulation, which pose significant challenges to effective management. recent advances in nanotechnology have shown promise in revolutionizing psoriasis treatment by enabling targeted drug delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic side effects. green synthesis of nanoparticles is gaining popularity because it is environmentally friendly, affordable, and sustainable. it uses natural materials like plants, microbes, and biomolecules. this review explores the current status of bioinspired green synthesis techniques for nanoparticles and their applications in psoriasis treatment. the principles of green synthesis, along with commonly used biological sources such as plant-based materials, microbial systems, and enzymes, are discussed in detail. the mechanisms of action, along with the potential and benefits of metallic, polymeric, and composite nanoparticles, have been studied in detail for treating the complex pathophysiology of psoriasis. this article explores novel green synthesis approaches together with nanoparticle identification methods and explains the present trends that include diverse nanocomplex capabilities with custom treatments and machine intelligence systems for therapeutic nanoparticles. the promise of green-synthesized nanoparticles is hindered by major obstacles such as scalability, stability, and environmental issues. this review highlights the future approaches that should focus on creating and maintaining effective patient-focused nanotherapeutics to treat psoriasis, while also pointing out the need for interdisciplinary research to achieve successful clinical implementation.