green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of 2-amino-4h-benzopyran derivatives using coconut seed coat ash as a catalyst catalyst

This study investigates the potential of coconut seed coat ash (csca) as a sustainable and environmentally friendly green catalyst. csca was prepared by controlled combustion of coconut seed coat and husk at 500 °c in a muffle furnace, ensuring consistent results and complete combustion. the study highlights the advantages of using csca, including its low cost, abundance, and renewable nature, making it a promising catalyst for facilitating chemical reactions without being consumed. utilizing csca at a concentration of 30 mmol/l, a series of 2-amino-4h-benzopyran derivative was synthesized through a reaction between aromatic aldehydes, dimedone, and malononitrile. this green approach proved cost-effective, practical, and efficient, offering high yields and simple work-up procedures. the synthesized compounds were characterized using ir spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ms), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹h-nmr), and elemental analysis. furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated against bacterial strains (staphylococcus aureus mcc 2010, bacillus subtilis mcc 2010, escherichia coli mcc 2412, and pseudomonas aeruginosa mcc 2080) and yeast strains (candida albicans mcc 1439 and saccharomyces cerevisiae). the synthesized compounds exhibited notable spectral peaks in ftir, ¹h-nmr, and uv analyses and demonstrated superior antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro compared to standard antibiotics streptomycin and fluconazol.