بررسی و مدل‌سازی غلظت مونواکسید کربن، ازن و ذرات معلق کوچکتر از 10 میکرون در هوای کرج با استفاده از شبکه عصبی مصنوعی

آلودگی هوا یک چالش‌ مهم برای زندگی در شهرهای بزرگ است و باعث افزایش مراجعات به مراکز درمانی و تعداد مرگ و میر سالمندان و مبتلایان به بیماری‌های قلبی و ریوی در مقاطعی از سال می‌شود. از این رو یافتن عوامل تاثیرگذار بر آلودگی هوای شهرها و دستیابی به مدلی معتبر برای پیش ‌بینی کیفیت هوا اجتناب ناپذیر می‌نماید. در این تحقیق تاثیر متغیرهای هواشناسی همچون درجه حرارت، سرعت باد، رطوبت نسبی، بارش باران و ابرناکی، بر غلظت مونواکسید کربن، ازن سطحی و ذرات معلق کوچکتر از 10 میکرون در کلان‌شهر کرج مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. همچنین مدل سازی توسط شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و با استفاده از مقادیر پارامترهای هواشناسی شهر کرج و غلظت آلاینده‌ها در سطح این شهر در دوره زمانی 1391 الی 1398 انجام شده و داده‌های مربوط به سال 1399 برای آزمایش مدل ساخته شده مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. نتایج بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که قوی‌ترین همبستگی مونواکسید کربن به ترتیب با سرعت باد و دما به میزان 0.216 و 0.146 است. بیشترین همبستگی ازن به ترتیب با رطوبت نسبی، ابرناکی و دما به مقدار 0.328 ، 0.167 و 0.411 است. همچنین ذرات معلق به ترتیب با رطوبت نسبی، بارش و دما به اندازه 0.249 ، 0.174 و 0.211 همبستگی دارد. به علاوه ضریب همبستگی بین غلظت‌های واقعی و مقادیر پیش بینی شده توسط شبکه عصبی مصنوعی برای مونواکسید کربن، ازن و ذرات معلق به ترتیب برابر با 0.909، 0.856 و 0.854 به دست آمده است.

investigation and modeling of concentrations of carbon monoxide, ozone and suspended particles smaller than 10 microns in the air of karaj using artificial neural network

1. introductionair pollution is an important challenge for life in large cities and increases the number of visits to medical centers and the number of deaths of the elderly and people with heart and lung diseases at certain times of the year. therefore, finding the factors affecting air pollution in cities and achieving a valid model for predicting air quality is inevitable. in this study, the effect of meteorological parameters such as temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, rainfall and cloudiness on the concentration of carbon monoxide, surface ozone and particulate matter smaller than 10 microns in the metropolis of karaj has been investigated. 2. methodologyin this study, data on carbon monoxide, ozone and particulate matter smaller than 10 microns in karaj for the period of 2012 – 2019 were received from the air quality monitoring center and data on meteorological parameters for the same time were received from the meteorological organization. the temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants in the city of karaj has been studied. in addition, correlation coefficients were obtained between each of the pollutants and each of the meteorological parameters. finally, using artificial neural network in matlab software, a nonlinear regression model was constructed between each of the pollutants with meteorological parameters including wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and cloud intensity.3. results and discussion3.1. temporal distribution of pollutants the maximum average concentration of 8 hour carbon monoxide for three stations take place in the cold season of the year and specifically in february at 2.30 ppm and the minimum in the warm season in september and equal to 1.27 ppm. the maximum average concentration of hourly ozone for three stations has happened in the summer season and in june, equal to 0.027 ppm and the minimum concentration in november at 0.018 ppm. also, the maximum daily concentration of suspended particles smaller than 10 microns for three stations was in july at 75.33 μg/m3 and the minimum concentration was in april and equal to 43.71 μg/m3.3.2. spatial distribution of pollutantsby examining the average concentrations of 8 hour carbon monoxide, 1 hour ozone and 24 hour suspended particles smaller than 10 microns in different stations of karaj and analyzes performed using spss software, statistical indicators related to the concentrations of the above pollutants in different stations of the city is calculated according to the iranian clean air act standard approved in 2016 and result is shown in table 1. in the above standard, the average concentrations of carbon monoxide, ozone and suspended particles smaller than 10 microns are set to 9 ppm, 0.125 ppm and 3150 μg/m3, respectively. as can be seen in table 1, in farhangsara station, 100% of the recorded concentrations are less than the 8 hour standard, and in the two metro stations and the danshkadeh, they are 99.97 and 99.99% lower than the maximum allowable, respectively. regarding 1 hour ozone in the two stations of farhangsara and danshkadeh, only one case of observations was more than the above mentioned concentration, and in the metro station, no case was exceeded. also, the conditions are different in relation to suspended particles smaller than 10 microns, and although the permissible limit of this pollutant has increased from 50 μg/m3 in the standard approved in 2009 to 315 μg/m3 in the standard in 2016, but the concentration of this pollutant in different parts of karaj, especially at the metro station is more than the other two pollutants.table 1. statistical information on the spatial distribution of air pollutants in the city of karajpollutant index station namedaneshkadeh metro station farhangsaraco average concentration (ppm) 1.8871 1.7447 2.0588minimum concentration (ppm) 0.0360 0.1300 0.0962maximum concentration (ppm) 9.1762 11.7400 7.1100cumulative frequency percentage below than standard 99.99 99.97 100o3 average concentration (ppm) 0.0340 0.0154 0.0194minimum concentration (ppm) 0.0033 0.0004 0.0003maximum concentration (ppm) 0.1366 0.1064 0.1321cumulative frequency percentage below than standard 100 100 99.996pm10 average concentration (μg/m3) 55.5447 76.3733 61.4949minimum concentration (μg/m3) 9.07 26.63 7.14maximum concentration (μg/m3) 500.61 188.57 210.42cumulative frequency percentage below than standard 99.2 97.5 993.3. correlation coefficient between pollutant and meteorological parametersspss software was used in order to determine the correlation coefficient between each of the pollutants with meteorological parameters including temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, cloudiness and wind speed. it is observed that the average 8 hour concentration of co has the highest negative correlation with wind and temperature 0.216 and 0.146, respectively. in addition, this pollutant has a significant but very weak positive correlation with relative humidity and cloudiness of 0.087 and 0.057, respectively. although carbon monoxide has a very small positive correlation with precipitation, this small correlation is not even significant. regarding ozone, it was noted that this pollutant has the highest negative correlation with relative humidity at 0.328 and weakly negative correlation with cloudiness at 0.167. also, the correlation of this pollutant with precipitation is very weak 0.112. this pollutant has a significant positive correlation 0.41 with temperature and a weak positive correlation 0.185 with wind speed. suspended particles have the highest negative correlation with relative humidity at 0.249. also, a relatively weak negative correlation of 0.174 is observed between rainfall and this pollutant, but the correlation of this pollutant with cloudiness and wind is negligible. among the above meteorological parameters, this pollutant shows only a positive correlation with temperature of 0.211.3.4. modeling of air pollutants in karajto build a model related to carbon monoxide, average 8 hour concentrations of carbon monoxide have been used in three stations in karaj. also, meteorological parameters including relative humidity, temperature, cloudiness and wind speed were selected for use in the model according to the correlation coefficients. in constructing the artificial neural network model for ozone, values of average 1 hour concentrations of ozone for three stations and meteorological parameters including temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and cloudiness have been exploited. in order to build an artificial neural network model for suspended particles, 24 hour values of meteorological parameters including relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, cloudiness were used due to the correlation of these parameters with the desired pollutant as well as average 24 hour concentrations of pm10 for three stations. a summary of the neural network performance including values for the total predicted squares, total error squares, total squares, r2 (r square), and error percentage for each pollutant is shown in table 2. it is worth noting that: the sum of the error squares is equal to the product of the mean square error (mse) multiplied by the number of predictions.