an optimal self-tuning fuzzy tilted integral derivative controller for load frequency control of multi-interconnected power plants

A new framework for controlling load frequency in a complex, interconnected power system with multiple sources has been developed. this framework combines a fuzzy logic controller (flc) and a tilted integral derivative (tid) controller, creating a self-tuning fuzzy tilted integral derivative (stftid) controller. the purpose of this controller is to conduct and reduce load frequency perturbations during the operation of a multi-area interconnected multi-source power system. the stftid controller is optimized using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to minimize the frequency fluctuations effectively. investigations of the proposed stftid controller were performed for power systems with generation units of a conventional system and renewable energy sources. in the design process of the stftid controller, various nonlinearities, uncertainties, and fluctuations are considered to simulate practical challenges. these challenges include generation rate constraints, governor deadband, and communication time delays (as the sources of nonlinearity), as well as fluctuations caused by step load switching and the connection of renewable power plants to the system. the stftid controller is compared with the proportional integral derivative (pid), titled integral derivative (tid), and integral tilted-derivative (i-td) controllers. simulation results show that the developed stftid controller significantly enhances the system frequency control under various applied conditions, including multi-step load perturbation, renewable power plant integration, communication time delays, and generation rate constraints.