security-constrained unit commitment in the presence of demand response programs and electric vehicles

In recent years, concerns about environmental pollutions have risen and in this respect, the power system and transportation section have been introduced as the main sources of their emission. therefore, renewable energy sources (ress), predominantly wind generation, can be effective for reducing emissions caused by the power system, and electric vehicles (evs) can be very useful for decreasing emissions in the transportation section. however, ress are intermittent and uncertain, and on the other hand, high penetration of evs into the system can be challenging for power system operation. consequently, the stochastic behavior of ress and charging demand of evs should be considered in the daily operation scheduling of generating units that is known as the unit commitment (uc) problem. in this regard, this paper presents a twostage stochastic programming model for the securityconstrained unit commitment (scuc) taking into account the effect of evs penetration and wind power integration into the power system. the effect of ev travels on the demand of busses is modeled in the proposed framework. moreover, the impact of demand response (dr) programs on the operation cost of the system is considered. the results of simulations in a sixbus test system illustrate that high evs penetration reduces power system security and increases the system operation cost, but dr programs can compensate for these negative effects. moreover, the increase in cost in a controlled charging mode can be insignificant.