comparison of liberal and republican citizenship theories in various countries

The rapid development of globalization needs to be filtered according to pancasila. if we examine the french state, it can be seen that the republican model of citizenship is ideal for the pluralism of brubaker and cooper (lurbe, 2015). estonia has received a high international assessment for the quality of liberal democracy (khoma & kokoriev, 2021). therefore, we can instill the spirit of tolerance, and pluralism and maintain democracy in accordance with pancasila. the aim of this research is to determine liberal and republican citizenship theories, as well as their comparisons in various countries. the type of research used is a literature study. a literature study is said to be a type of research carried out through the process of collecting data such as books, documents, articles, and so on (saputri & nuryono, 2018). the results of this research show that the theory of republican citizenship in turkey, for example, the armed forces, is identified as a disciplined organization that defends the republican regime (kardam & cengiz, 2011). in the context of the republic of indonesia, republicans played a role in gaining independence (wicaksono, 2019). meanwhile, the comparison is that liberal citizenship theory prioritizes freedom while republican citizenship theory focuses on the spirit of struggle. the conclusion is that liberal and republican theories of citizenship are suitable for one country and less suitable for another country. this is certainly influenced by the country's background.