application of electrophoresis in antiretroviral drug analysis: a comprehensive review

Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection continues to pose a substantial global public health challenge, with recent data estimating that around 39 million people are currently living with the virus worldwide. while sub-saharan africa carries the highest prevalence, hiv remains a pervasive issue across all regions. hiv-1 affects individuals of all ages, with young adults and marginalized communities often experiencing elevated infection rates. this review provides a comprehensive examination of capillary electrophoresis (ce) techniques utilized for the analysis of hiv-1 antiretroviral drugs in various samples and matrices, drawing on literature from reputable databases spanning the period from 2000 to the present. the reported methods were critically analyzed, compared, and evaluated for their practical applicability in pharmaceutical and clinical settings. the findings highlight that although ce offers notable advantages such as versatility, high efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, its application in the analysis of antiretroviral drugs remains relatively underexplored in this vital therapeutic domain.