a cross-cultural scrutiny of rhetorical, pragmatic, and semantic strategies in political discourse: comparative manipulation strategies in english and arabic contexts

This study presents a cross-cultural comparative analysis of rhetorical, pragmatic, and semantic strategies used by english-speaking and arabic-speaking politicians to manipulate their audiences. through a mixed-methods approach, the research explores how language functions as a tool of manipulation across distinct cultural contexts, focusing on 40 political speeches—20 from english-speaking and 20 from arabic-speaking politicians—selected for their impact on shaping public opinion during significant political events. the study employs a combination of qualitative discourse analysis and quantitative statistical methods to compare the manipulation strategies in both linguistic groups. qualitative analysis examines rhetorical strategies, pragmatic devices (speech acts, politeness strategies, conversational implicature), and semantic tactics (metaphors, allusions, frame semantics). each speech was systematically transcribed and coded for these features by two independent coders, achieving a high inter-coder reliability. quantitative analysis further validates these findings by statistically comparing the frequency of rhetorical and pragmatic strategies across the two groups, using chi-square tests to confirm significant differences. the results show that english-speaking politicians tend to use more direct, fact-based appeals (logos) and assertive strategies such as directives and declaratives, aligning with western norms that prioritize clarity and logical reasoning. in contrast, arabic-speaking politicians rely more heavily on emotional appeals (pathos), collective identity, and figurative language (metaphors, allusions), reflecting cultural values that emphasize solidarity and shared historical or religious experiences. the study also investigates how political manipulation has evolved with the rise of digital media. the findings suggest that digital platforms have amplified certain rhetorical techniques, allowing for rapid dissemination and more direct interaction with audiences, which has in turn shaped how manipulation strategies are crafted and deployed in both linguistic contexts. the study's findings have practical implications for political strategists, media professionals, and educators, particularly in terms of fostering media literacy and developing culturally aware communication strategies.