simultaneous effects of a vortex generator and magnetic field on ferrofluid convective heat transfer in a 3d channel: first and second law analyses

This article presents a comprehensive approach to enhance heat transfer rates in a 3d channel using ferrofluids. the study investigates the individual and combined impacts of rectangular winglet vortex generators and magnetic fields on flow characteristics, heat transfer enhancement, and entropy generation. numerical solutions are derived for the governing partial differential equations using the finite volume technique and the simple algorithm. the investigation assesses the influence of key parameters, including the type of rectangular winglet vortex generator (simple, concave, and convex), reynolds number, and magnetic field strength. optimal operational conditions are identified based on thermodynamics’ first and second laws. this study has been conducted in three steps, and the interaction of created vortices and their effect on heat transfer, pressure drop, and entropy production were investigated. in the first step, the effect of the vortex generator in different reynolds has been investigated. in the next step, the impact of applying a magnetic field at different intensities by a current-carrying wire has been studied in a channel without vortex generators. finally, the application of vortex generators and magnetic fields has been investigated simultaneously. the results showed that using the concave vortex generator in the absence of a magnetic field increased the heat transfer by 50% and pressure drop by 60%. applying a magnetic field in the channel without vortex generators has increased heat transfer and pressure drop by 70% and 118%, respectively. moreover, it is observed that the magnetic field induces a greater pressure drop penalty than the vortex generator for achieving the same heat transfer augmentation. the simultaneous application of magnetic field and vortex generator has also increased the heat transfer and pressure drop by 200% and 269%, respectively, for simple vortex generators.